Blood-brain Barrier and the Sodium-potassium Pump

Blood- oral sex Barrier and the atomic number 11- kB PumpJocelyn Brown-EatonThe blood- witticism breastwork and the sodium- super acid stock ticker direct many similarities and distinctions. Similarities include the f make for that they both function to notice a balance and that they both atomic number 18 selectively porous. Differences includes the way the mechanisms decl be out those functions and what kind of balance they maintain. The blood-brain barrier is a mechanism that isolates the exchange nervous system neurons from chemicals coming from the rest of the embody. It is made up of the walls of brain capillaries that are tightly joined to agitateher, other capillaries in the rest of the body do not align themselves so close to viewher and they do allow chemicals to pass from the blood into the champaigns of the body they are flowing through. In contrast, the sodium- super acid pump is a protein in the membrane of cells that helps maintains the difference of electri cal charges within and out of the cell, keeping the cell polarized along with the difference in permeableness of sodium and potassium within the rest of the membrane (Khan Academy 2010). The resting electromotive force is maintained before an action potential drop arrives and then(prenominal) is restored when the action potential is over. Comparatively they are both maintaining balances. The blood-brain barrier is balancing chemicals and protecting the brain neurons from harmful substances since these neurons do not regenerate, but the sodium-potassium pump is keeping an noggin balance. Selective permeability is also a similarity of the two mechanisms. The blood-brain barrier is only a barrier for water soluble molecules and selectively allows lipoid soluble molecules to pass, while the sodium-potassium pump only deals with sodium and potassium. The sodium-potassium pump directs in two potassium ions for every three sodium ions it pushes out. Transporter proteins look into the movement of these substances. The difference is that with the blood-brain barrier there is a separate protein that actively transport the selected chemicals, while the sodium-potassium pump is a protein in itself. There are areas of the blood-brain barrier that are to a greater extent permeable than the rest in station to allow the function of those specific parts of the brain. One such area is the area postrema. The area postrema detects toxins in the body and initiates vomiting.Khan Academy. (2010). Correction to Sodium and Potassium Pump Video. Online Video. 11 July 2010. Available from https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye3rTjLCvAU. Accessed 25 February 2017Before an action potential arrives, there is a balance betwixt the extracellular fluid (on the outside of the cell) and the intracellular fluid (on the inside of the cell). This difference in the electrical charge is called the membrane potential. The membrane potential is created by diffusion of ions and electrostatic squ eeze. Diffusion refers to the process of molecules evenly distributing themselves. Molecules push past from areas that they are more than concentrated in. Electrostatic pressure is the force that comes from the love or repulsion of ions. Positive charges repel other positive charges, ban charges repel other negative charges, and positive charges attract negative charges. The ions confused in these forces are organic anions, potassium ions, chloride ions, and sodium ions. Organic anions (A-) are negatively charged and found in intracellular fluid. These ions remain in the intracellular fluid because the membrane is impermeable to them. Potassium ions (K+) are positively charged. They chastise to get out of the membrane because of diffusion, there is a high concentration of them inside than out. Electrostatic pressure, however, pushes plump for against them because extracellular fluid is more positively charged inevitably keeping the ions where they were. Chloride ions (Cl-) a re negatively charged. They try to get into the membrane due to diffusion but electrostatic pressure keeps them where they are as well. Sodium ions (Na+) are positively charged and get pushed into the membrane due to diffusion. Unlike the other ions sodium is not pushed back by electrostatic pressure. Instead, they are attracted in because the intracellular charge is more negative. The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain the resting potential, which is on average -70 mV. The sodium-potassium pump trades three sodium ions to the outside of the cell for two potassium ions to bring into the cell. During an action potential, a signal is sent to the membrane the membrane to become more permeable to sodium ions increasing the intracellular charge. The membrane potential reaches its threshold and a depolarization spike occurs. Depolarization is when the internal polarization of the cell increases when it gets impending to zero. Voltage dependent sodium arguments, triggered by the depola rization, open allowing sodium to immortalize at a faster rate. At a higher aim of depolarization voltage dependent potassium channels open and potassium flows away from the more positively charged interior. Voltage dependent potassium channels are less sensitive than the sodium channels are. future(a) sodium channels close and go into a refractory state, preventing them from disruption again until the resting potential is restored. The cell goes through hyperpolarization, where the intracellular charge drops in order to get back to normal. When hyperpolarization goes lower than the resting potential it is called the undershoot. When the undershoot is reached it signals the potassium channels to close and resting potential is closer to normal. After that all passes the sodium potassium pumps slowly help the resting potential return and everything is back to its pilot light state.Neurotransmitters open ion channels in two ways, directly and indirectly. Directly commencement the ion channels occur when there are ionotropic receptors. When a neurotransmitter binds to an ionotropic receptor the ion channel immediately opens and let ions flow freely through. With metabotropic receptors, when a neurotransmitter binds to its binding post it starts a chain of chemical events (Carlson and Birkett, 2017). These chemical events involve the G protein being activated, which in turn activates the second messenger system. The second messenger travels to the close ion channel and signals it to open. Metabotropic receptors got their name because they require extra steps that uses up virtually of the cells metabolic energy. The important differences between ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors are the speed of effect and the duration of effect after their activation. Ionotropic receptors are faster because when a neurotransmitter binds to it the ion channel is capable immediately and triggers a postsynaptic potential. The whole process happens very quickl y. Metabotropic receptors are slow-moving because the signal to the ion channel is transferred between a sequence of different molecules to get to the ion channel and activate it. This process causes a delay in effect, they take longer to begin but they also last longer. Serotonin has both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. All but one receptor, the 5-HT3 receptor, are metabotropic. The 5-HT3 receptor is ionotropic and it controls a chloride ion channel, thusly producing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. This receptor plays a role in nausea and vomiting. Because ionotropic receptors act quickly, if the receptor is bound to by an agonist, which would open the ion channel, it would induce vomiting or nausea right away. An example of this would be when a person smells something shitty and immediately feels nausea. Antagonists of this receptor are used to treat the side effect of chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Serotonin is used for mood regulation, and that happens in t he metabotropic receptors. This means that the personal effects take longer but will last longer. If this happened rapidly then there would be no transitions between our moods. It allows the drugs for mood regulation (like SSRIs) to have compound effects and build up in our system by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin.Carlson, N. R., Birkett, M. A., (2017). Physiology of Behavior, 12th Edition. BryteWave. Retrieved from https//shelf.brytewave.com//books/9780134517858/