Comparing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Comparing - Essay Example In the meantime, because His passing is a certainty of history, its otherworldly importance is not profound and secretive. For instance, by portraying Christ as "the Lamb of God, that takes away the transgression of the world," it tells us that His passing was a wrongdoing offering, and reparation for our wrongdoing. In the meantime, by letting us know "there is none other name under paradise given around men, whereby we must be spared," it makes it clear that there is no pardoning separated from confidence in Him. Even more along these lines, according to the Copelands Enfleshing Freedom, the demise of Christs obliges creature relinquish, those reparations were organized for our profit, as a method for helping us to comprehend the hugeness of Christs passing. Overall, in light of the fact that those offerings indicated forward Christs give up, all who offered them accepted Gods guarantee of pardoning in Christ. Moreover, as Paul demonstrated in the third section of Galatians, it was confidence in that guarantee (not the blood of bulls and goats) that brought absolution and salvation. Pope Benedict explained that how we comprehend the Eucharist relies on upon the spot of the sum of our formal festivals, in the real lives of the Christian group. What are the lines of association between our minutes assembled in corporate, formal petition to God and the nature of our living? We need to pose these questions in light of the fact that we have made such critical claims about the vitality of love in Christian life (Demarest, 9-11). He revealed that we as Christians claim that assembling approximately God, in recognition of God, to be a gift of God, to accept the endowment of Eucharist weaves the get together with the precise life of God. We guarantee that interest in ritualistic remembrance, in the consecrated life, completes in us what the ceremonies connote cooperation in the exact

Abolition Movement Essay Example for Free

Abolition Movement Essay Nineteenth century America bore a perplexing set of movements. Most of which aimed largely to reform American society. At this era, America is redefining her identity. Such was a significant time for reformation movement to peak. The Temperance Movement, religious â€Å"Second Great Awakening† and Womens Rights Movement are along some of the major efforts attempted to improve the nation and its people. Most important of all, the Abolition Movement, which the very foundation of freedom in America was redefined. The American abolition movement emerged in the early 1830s as the by-product of â€Å"Second Great Awakening. †[1] Revivalistic tenets led the abolitionist to view slavery as a product of personal sin. They demand emancipation as the price of repentance.[2] This religious revival resulted to thousands of conversions to evangelical religions.[3] Slavery was one of the issues in America which most people sought to end. As early as 1688, the Society of Friends, also known as Quakers, took a public stand against slavery.[4] Even though most quakers own slaves when they first came to America. William Buriling, Ralph Sandiford, Benhamin Lay, John Woolman and Anthony Benezet were among the societys members who largely determined their policy. These people were the salient figures who primarily opposed slavery within the society. By late 1700s and 1800s, the Society of Friends declared their protest against slavery. Quakers opposed it on religious grounds. Others contended that slave owners violated the very principles that the Founding Fathers and the Declaration of Independence had established in 1776. Many religious figures had largely contributed to Americas history of slavery. One was Lyman Beecher, one of the countrys prominent nineteenth- century clergymen and a revivalist of Second Great Awakening.[5] Students of the school where Beecher became pastor, debated the issue on slavery and preferred to adopt abolitionism, which the board of the school opposed. In protest many students including Theodore Weld left the school.[6] Religion had intruded on slavery issues even during the establishment of Quakers. It is often said that this group have influence beyond their numbers. Through their social class and background, Quakers have shared an important role in forming Americas history as well as the society. In 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society was established by William Lloyd Garisson[7] with fellow abolitionists Arthur Tappan, Lewis Tappan, and Theodore Dwight Weld. It attracted a crowd with lecturing agents, petition drives and a wide variety of printed materials, condemning slavery on moral grounds. The organization sent lecturers about the brutality of slavery across the North, including Ohio. Unfortunately, abolitionists appeal of emancipation were rejected by higher institutions as well as individual slave-owners. Some important figures in the emancipation in America were blacks, themselves. Most prominent black during the period started their journey from the oppression of slavery of the Southern states toward more desirable freedom enjoyed at Northern states. In this freedom, they did not grow complacent while their people and family still suffer from inflictions of the institution of slavery. The most famous of this divine ordeal was that of Harriet Tubman. Harriet Tubman[8] was a slave from Maryland. She suffered all her life from seizures, headaches and hypersomia having had knocked in the head with a heavy iron weight by a slave owner. In 1894 she escaped to Philadelphia where she met with William Still, the Philadelphia stationmaster on the underground railroad. Still, along with the Philadelphia Anti-slavery Society, enlightened Tubman of the workings of the underground railway. Eventually, she became a conductor for the underground railway. Dubbed as the â€Å"Moses of her people†, she helped provide safety and salvation to an approximately 300 slaves. She worked various jobs in order to finance her actives as a conductor. During the Civil War, she served as a soldier, spy and a nurse for the Union. Another women of considerable existence was Soujorner Truth. Truth had been born a slave from Ulster County, New York at a time wherein the state still permits slaves. The anti-slavery law of 1827 freed her from bondage. Her freedom prompt her to be an active abolitionist and a womans rights advocate. Truth became one of the most famous orator of her day. Her passion came from her desire to abolish slavery and help her fellow black. Her speeches against the evils of slavery â€Å"shamed many people who were apathetic and passive†. She also fights for women suffrage. Her speech, â€Å"Aint I, a Woman?†[9] was her legacy. The speech were made at 1851 Convention on Womans Rights after a clergyman remark women as â€Å"too weak and helpless†. Another individual of which probably had the greatest impact for the cause, was Frederick Douglass. Douglass was probably the most important black figure in the abolition of slavery. His accomplishment had impact America on a political scale. His reputation was in an international level. Douglass was born a slave in Maryland. He escaped from bondage and went to New Bedford with the help of a black navy named Ruggles. Although blacks are free in the city of New Bedford, it isnt a paradise. Douglas observed the discrimination throughout the city.   He subscribed to an abolitionist paper the Liberator by William Lloyd Garrison. Through the Liberator, Douglass were introduced to abolitionist movements. Garrison eventually became his personal hero.   Later he became a member of American Anti-Slavery Society. On August of 1841, an abolitionist meeting took place at New Bedford. Garrison saw Douglass, and he eventually recognized the potential. Douglass became an agent for Garrison. He became a traveling lecturer â€Å"touring the Northern states to talk about his life and sell subscriptions to the Liberator†. The young Douglass â€Å"told stories of brutal beatings of slave owners to women, children and the elderly†. He told the story on how he broke the slave breaker Edward Covey[10]. He scorned clergyman â€Å"who warned slaves that they would be offending God if they disobeyed their masters†. He speaks of evil of masters breeding their female slaves. He grew in skill within his trade that people began doubting his credibility. â€Å"How can such a slave have such a commanding master of words?† they told themselves. This provoked Douglass into revealing his true identity through the disclosure of personal details. He published an autobiography entitled â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† against the protest of his mentor Garisson and some co-abolitionists. The theme of the narrative is about moral force. â€Å"It is a story of triumph and dignity, courage and self-reliance over the evils of brutal, degrading slave system†. The narrative connotes the existing corruption in the human spirit that â€Å"robs both the master and slave of their freedom†. The book became popular in the North as well as in Europe. However, the Federal Law on fugitive slave threatened his freedom. The Law gave Thomas Auld the right to seize his property. The threat prompted his tour in London where he was later joined by Garisson and other abolitionist. August of 1846 at World Temperance Convention in London, Douglass attacked the American Temperance Movement. He felt that temperance activist were hostile to free blacks. Emancipation in Britain is still fresh among its people. In that regard Douglass felt little racial prejudice among the British. He carved connection among British and Europeans who were compassionate for the cause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tour â€Å"aroused goodwill for the abolitionist cause in the British Isle†. The success in Britain had propelled his reputation to an international level. Douglass established friends and supporters in Britain. In fact, it was his British friends who paid[11] the price of Douglass freedom in America. With his renewed freedom he went to Rochester, New York to settle. The town had reputation of being pro-abolition. The women were also active in fighting for their rights. In here, he established a new anti-slavery publication, named North Star, which was not supported by Garisson. With the North Star he no longer have to cling with white abolitionist group of   Garisson. The widening connection of Douglass open his mind to the political aspects of his cause. He began to question the Garissonian views. For Garisson, â€Å"abolishing slavery through violence is wrong†. Garisson believed he could convince the slave owners into giving up their slaves thus setting them free. A white militant named John Brown[12] helped convince Douglass that â€Å"pacifist means could not by themselves bring an end to slavery.† Douglass believed that the North would never abolish slavery if it could cause the break up of the Union and collapse of the Constitution. â€Å" He therefore decided that slavery would have to be ended through political reforms†. Tension began to rise when Douglass urged North Star reader to be politically active and be involved. The change in principle created factions within the abolitionist circle. He, however, did not allow such disputes to affect what he aspired to do. Douglass became one of the most prominent and respected black of his time. His actions and success boosted the confidence of the black abolitionist. He tried to establish a black vocational school. Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Toms Cabin helped to raise the fund. Furthermore, his Rochester home became the most important station on the underground railroad. He became the superintendent of the entire system in his area. The information regarding the evils of slavery are readily available due to hard work and perseverance of Frederick Douglas and William Lloyd Garrison[13]. However, the popularity of these informations are confined within the anti-slavery circle. In line with this, a fictional novel of abolitionist nature was published entitled Uncle Toms Cabin. The author was Harriet Beecher Stowe, an alleged daughter of Lyman Beecher. Uncle Toms Cabin had been published by weekly installment in the National Era from summer of 1851 to spring of 1852. Nevertheless, its popularity was still within the abolitionist circle. Its popularity gained when the novel was published in full in 1852. Uncle Toms Cabin became the best selling fiction of its time. It is considered by many, as one of the most influential American works of fiction ever published. The fiction had made an impact on Americas inner inquiry and realization of identity and of morality.[14] The success of the novel were founded on Stowes humanization of the slaves. The fiction places the reader in frontal view of the barbarity and â€Å"inhuman disintegration of families† which existed in the slavery system. Mothers were portrayed in their most desolate state when their masters sell their babies to a slave trader. The fiction appeal to the Christian soul as Stowe embodied Christ to Uncle Tom which is a black dutiful, loyal and a forgiving slave. The works of fiction â€Å"arouse the antislavery sentiment in the North and provoke angry rebuttals in the South†. Oppositions of views paved the way to devisions. Slavery was no longer a problem of the south and it concerns the whole nation as a whole. The culmination of all these events leads to a bloody battle between the Union and the Confederate slave states. The Union was fighting for a unified nation. The Confederates, on the other hand, wants to separate from the Union in order to secure their rights to own slaves. This disparity brought America to Civil War from 1861 to 1865. It was this reason why Abraham has been quoted saying to Stowe â€Å"So this is the little lady who started this war.† The status of the South as an agricultural states contributed much to their dependencies on slaves. Slaves were utilized for their manual work on the fields and plantations. In contrast, the North are already being industrialized. Their production was dependent on factories and machineries. It was the bloodiest battle that took place in American soil. The Confederate eventually succumb to the much equip forces of the Union. It was very devastating era that Americans have gone through in order to bring about change which redefined freedom in their constitution. Emancipation of all slaves was decreed to slaves states after the Civil War The abolitionists had their victory through information dissemination. Victory was achieved through rallying speeches that awakened compassion and goodwill of humanity. The rallying cries of the oppressed accused passivity a crime. They have pressured those who claimed to be free to guard and fight for freedom. On the night of the proclamation, Douglass was quoted as saying â€Å"We were waiting and listening as for a bolt from the skywe were watchingby the dim light of the stars for the dawn of a new daywe were longing for the answer to the agonizing prayers of centuries.†[15] WORKS CITED Scott, Donald. â€Å" Evangelicalism, Revivalism and the Second Great Awakening.† TeacherServe from the National Humanities Center. October 2000. Queens College. 18 April 2009. http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nevanrev.htm McKivigan, John. â€Å"A Brief History of the American Abolitionist Movement.† American Abolitionism. n.d. Indianapolis. 18 April 2009. http://americanabolitionist.liberalarts.iupui.edu/brief.htm â€Å"The Second Great Awakening and the Age of Reform.† Teach US History. 19 April 2009. http://www.religioustolerance.org/quaker1.htm William L. Garrison. Ohio History Central. 1 July 2005. A product of the Ohio Historical Society. 18 April 2009 http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=167 Robinson, B.A. â€Å"Religious Society of Friends (Quakers): Quaker History†. Religious Tolerance. 7 February 2006. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 19 April 2009. http://www.religioustolerance.org/quaker1.htm Woodson, C.G. â€Å"Anthony Benezet.† Classics on American Slavery. 25 March 2003. Dinsmore Documentation. 19 April 2009. http://www.dinsdoc.com/woodson-3.htm Abolitionist. Ohio History Central. 1 July 2005. A product of the Ohio Historical Society. 19 April 2009 http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=569 Sassi, Jonathan. â€Å"Great Questions of National Morality.† Common Place. 9. 1. ( October 2008): 19 pars. 19 April 2009. http://www.common-place.org/vol-09/no-01/sassi/ â€Å"Lyman Beecher.† Ohio History Central. 1 July 2005. A product of the Ohio Historical Society. 19 April 2009 http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=53 â€Å"Theodore Dwight Weld (1803-1895).† Forever Free.The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. 19 April 2009. http://www.cincinnatilibrary.org/foreverfree/theodoreweld.html The Effect of Uncle Toms Cabin. 123HelpMe.com. 18 Apr 2009 http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=16788 Thomas, Sandra. Frederick Douglass:Abolitionist/Editor 19 April 2009. http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html#contents The Life of Harriet Tubman. New York History Net. 20 February 2008. 19 April 2009 http://www.nyhistory.com/harriettubman/life.htm.

Pathophysiology Repeort on Eosinophilic Esophagitis Essay -- Disease,

A relatively new diagnosis in the medical field is Eosinophilc Esophagitis. This disease has emerged all around the world and became a more common diagnosis beginning in the 2000’s. According to doctors at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 1-4 in 10,000 people live with this disease (Cincinnati, 2012, p. 1). Food allergies often accompany this disease, which may be why it is becoming better known. The pathophysiology behind Eosinophilic Esophagitis is extensive, and includes the parts of the body that are effected, normal function, symptoms and cause of symptoms, diagnosis, physiology, and treatment. Eosinophilic Esophagitis is a disease that affects the esophagus. Other parts of the gastrointestinal tract can also be affected but if that is the case, the disease is renamed according to the area affected. Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EE) causes the esophagus to be narrower than usual, known as esophageal stricture. This is due to the presence of eosinophils. Eosinophils are white blood cells, produced in bone marrow, that are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. They normally function by killing off microorganisms, such as parasites. In EE, certain stimuli can cause increased production and buildup of excess eosinophils. Since the esophagus narrows due to this disease, dysphagia and food impaction commonly occur. Eosinophils can also cause thinning of the esophageal lining. This makes the lining more susceptible to being punctured by contents traveling down the esophagus. The esophagus is also affected by the disease because it is linked to acid reflex. Reflux can cause break down and damage to the esophageal lining. Finally, Peristalsis or the involuntary movement of food through the esop... ...4) Eosinophilic esophagitis. The New England Journal of Medicinc. Retrieved From http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200408263510924#t=article Nurko, S., & Furuta, T. G. (2006). Eosinophilic esophagitis. Retrieved From http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo49.html The American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (2008). Eosinophilic associated gastrointestinal disorders: About EGID. Richmond, Texas: The American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders. [Brochure] The American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (2008). Eosinophilic esophagitis: About EE. Richmond, Texas: The American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders. [Brochure] The International Gastrointestinal Eosinophil Researchers. A guide to eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults. Flourtown, PA: Children’s Digestive Health & Nutrition Foundation. [Brochure]

DONA MAE RONQUILLO PHILIPPINE HISTORY Essay

ANSWER: Following all the details and discussion according to the Spanish colonization in the Philippines, we can’t say that it brought all bad effects in our country, because as far as we are concerned, a lot of great influences brought by the Spaniards are being emphasized of todays, especially in religion, the Christianity brought by them. Showing effects as a whole is also different but still we are looking forward to the good effect they have done for us leading to positivity, we know that the Spaniards ruled the Filipinos for 333 years. So, that was the start of it, Spanish influence on the Philippines and the Filipino inhabitants was immediately visible following the imposition of Castilian colonial sovereignty. The Spaniards transplanted their social, economic, and political institutions halfway across the world to the Philippine archipelago. Spain created the Philippines. It did not exist before Spanish colonization, prior to Spanish rule it was only a collection of small, undeveloped mostly stone age tribes and villages perpetually at war with one another. Some tribes were peaceful, but still lived in horror of constant terror by the many headhunters, cannibals, and slave traders. Spain introduced government, peace and a national identity. Civilization and also Christianity, and with it the idea that it is not ok to rape, rob, kill, pillage, burn raid, or eat your neighbors, just because you are stronger or have more spears. Spain modernized the Philippines from mostly Stone Age, by the end of Spain’s rule Filipino society featured roads, bridges, schools, colleges, hospitals, grand ballrooms and theater. This social progress, and a growing, educated Filipino middle class, and the industrials era. The colonization of the Spaniards introduced the Philippines to the â€Å"modern world†. As a matter of fact, the Philippines weren’t even a country when the Spaniards came. It was just a series of islands with different tribes living in different â€Å"barangays.† But they did have a form of organization. The positive effect simply is that the coming of the Spaniards, aside from bringing together the 1000+ islands under one flag, helped the Philippines become a modern country where Europeans were at the forefront of progress and modernity at the time. QUESTION: Is the campaign of the reformists to make the Philippines a Spanish province reasonable? ANSWER: Propaganda movement in our country has a reasonable pursuit of reforms for making Philippines a Spanish province. Summiting this reform to the Spanish government aiming to get an equal treatment as like as the central government in Spain as well. Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament; Secularization of the clergy; Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; Creation of a Public school (government funded)public school system independent of the friars; Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government).Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and Freedom of association. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service; Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain; Secularization of Philippine parishes; Recognition of human rights. This reform is quite reasonable for it aims for the Filipino to be aware of their rights. QUESTION: Can the GomBurZa be considered heroes? ANSWER: In my opinion, yes they can be considered as heroes, because of them:Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (Gomburza), all Filipino priests, was executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion. The charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were their alleged complicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard. The death of Gomburza awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. They questioned Spanish authorities and demanded reforms. The martyrdom of the three priests apparently helped to inspire the organization of the Propaganda Movement, which aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain of the abuses of its colonial government. QUESTION: Is the decision of Emilio Aguinaldo to execute Andres Bonifacio justifiable? ANSWER: In an instance, yes, for Aguinaldo rigged an election at the rebels’ Tejeros Convention to show that he was the proper president of the revolutionary government. After Emilio Aguinaldo â€Å"won† the rigged election at Tejeros, Andres Bonifacio refused to recognize the new rebel government. Since that Katipunan was an organization, they were expected to support each other, do what their plans together. But Andres Bonifacio was not the same around, so in the side of the president of revolutionary government, which was Emilio Aguinaldo. It was an act of treason.

How Global Corporations Affect National Economies Essay

The growing size of the Multinational Companies around the world; their global operations and financial practices pose some serious questions about the implementation of best practices that do justice to everyone, including the countries with less developed economies, where many of these corporations operate. Global Corporations may create problems regarding the national balance of accounts. Every company operates globally, to maximize its profits and pay less tax. To gain the optimum advantage, they follow accounting practices that contravene the domestic ones, used within the countries where they operate. For example, corporations charge their own internal transactions and present them as expenditure. This matter has evolved in such a way, that today, global corporations are the winners, and most of the times the countries where they operate are the losers. Multinational Corporations and the Distribution of Income There is an increasing tendency among multinational corporations to transfer their intangible assets to non-domestic associates. These foreign affiliates are created for a unique purpose: to gain a larger share of their profits, by reducing operational costs. Many international businesses transfer their operations like production and services to the countries where the tax rates are lower, compared to their mother country, where the parent company has its headquarters. According to OECD Statistics, that researchers have performed, there is a remarkable growth in the transfer of all these intangible assets from 13 percent to 37 percent in a period of 28 years, from 1983 to 2011. Corporations continuously pursue the policy of getting tax benefits and find different means to get benefited by lower tax rates in the countries where the affiliates are located. They keep their main focus on increasing their profits and showing incomes in the countries where there are lower tax rates applied. They do this by transferring their intangible assets, interposing their operations, producing more in the countries where they pay lower taxes. They also tend to shift their manufacturing units to offshore locations, in low tax and cheap labor countries. They also make changes and make an affiliate into an owner and an owner into an affiliate. Naturally, an affiliate in the low tax country becomes the parent company leading to many structural changes in the entire organization and therefore, influencing business in their host countries. According to authors such as John Dunning, the ultimate result of all these activities reflects in showing a recorded low Gross Domestic Product where the tax rates are high and making the recorded Gross Domestic Product higher in the low tax countries. The raise in the lower tax countries is shown as a relative growth.

7 Advisories About Abbreviations

7 Advisories About Abbreviations 7 Advisories About Abbreviations 7 Advisories About Abbreviations By Mark Nichol Abbreviations are useful, but they can be wickedly tricky little widgets. Keep these points in mind when you truncate words and phrases: 1. a/an This entry refers not to a or an as abbreviations but to which of the two indefinite articles should precede a given abbreviation. The choice depends not on the first letter of the abbreviation itself but on the sound of the first letter. Therefore, for example, you’d write â€Å"an MD after her name,† rather than â€Å"a MD after her name,† because the first letter in that abbreviation is pronounced â€Å"em† and should therefore be preceded by an. 2. Initials as Adjectives â€Å"I went up to the ATM machine and put in my PIN number to check my IRA account.† And in relating this event, I made three errors. In each case, the last letter of the abbreviation stands for the noun following the abbreviation. This is a job for the Department of Redundancy Department! 3. Metric Abbreviations Abbreviations for metric measurements either immediately follow the associated numeral (100m for â€Å"100-meter dash†) or follow a letter space (â€Å"2.2 kg = 1 lb.†); the latter style prevails especially when, as in the example given here, references to both metric-system and English-system measurements occur. But note the absence of periods following the metric abbreviations. Metric abbreviations are always lowercase with one optional exception: Because of the resemblance of the letter l to the number 1, the abbreviation for liter is often uppercase or italicized, or, when handwritten, styled in cursive writing. 4. Periods In abbreviations, periods are passe. Period. (Except not: e.g., i.e., etc. But mostly, yes.) 5. Plurals Omit apostrophes with plural forms of abbreviations: â€Å"He has two PhDs,† â€Å"It lists various NGOs,† â€Å"They’re all NIMBYs.† Of course, if the style for the publication in question retains periods (but see the previous point), retain the apostrophe as well: â€Å"Several R.N.’s failed the test.† 6. Postal Symbols Postal symbols are a prescribed set of two-letter abbreviations for states that are sometimes used as shorthand in nonpostal applications. In 1963, to make room for an innovation known as the ZIP code (which phrase has its own entry below), the US Postal Service advocated a two-letter form (CA, for example), but many people persist in incorrectly styling such abbreviations uppercase/lowercase (e.g., Ca.) or appending an extraneous period (CA.). 7. ZIP Code Those clever folks at the USPS selected this name to imply that mail would arrive at its destination more speedily if the five-digit code was supplied, but ZIP actually stands for something Zone Improvement Plan so treat it with all caps. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartSelect vs. Selected50 Tips on How to Write Good

Genocide Thesis essays

Genocide Thesis essays Although, some feel that the actions taken by the colonists towards the Native Americans were justified, in reality, there actions were both brutal and hostile, making them guilty of genocide. Their guilt was visible by events such as the landing of the pilgrims and the attack of Fort Mystic. A person may believe that the English colonists were not guilty of genocide because they did not have straight forward plans to murder every Indian in order to get more land, it just appeared that way. Also, they may think that it wasnt completely the Englishs fault because the Indians would always have to do a retaliation after every attack. These thought are all completely false. The English colonists went into this battle with to intentions of killing every Indian, making it genocide. Also, a retaliation was the only thing the Indians could do to have a chance at staying alive. They did not want to just sit there and let themselves be murdered. As settlers from Massachusetts moved west into the Connecticut River valley, they clashed with the powerful Pequots. Massachusetts Bay Colony dispatched an officer with orders "to kill every Indian male he found. The victims were mostly men, however there where several women and children slaughtered. The Pequots wondered if the killing of these innocent women and children really served a purpose. The English responded by answering Wait and See. In response, the Pequots killed nine settlers. Men, women and children included. The attitude and the actions taken by the English were not only destructive, but unnecessary. By killing these innocent people it was a deliberate act of genocide. These people did not need to die, nor did they need to lose there land. The English were just land lust and did whatever it took to wipe this entire racial group out so they could have there chunk of land. The actions taken by the Pequots to kill the 9 settlers probably was no...

Before You Buy a German Dictionary

Before You Buy a German Dictionary German dictionaries come in many shapes, sizes, price ranges, and language variations. They range in format from online and CD-ROM software to large multivolume print editions resembling an encyclopedia. Smaller editions may have only 5,000 to 10,000 entries, while larger hardcover versions offer over 800,000 entries. You get what you pay for: the more words, the more money. Choose wisely! But its not the mere amount of words alone that make a good German dictionary. There are a few other factors that need to be considered. Here are a few tips on how to pick the right dictionary for your German learning. Consider Your Needs Not everyone needs a German dictionary with 500,000 entries, but the typical paperback dictionary has only 40,000 entries or less. Youll get very frustrated using a dictionary thats not up to your needs. Note that a dual-language dictionary with 500,000 entries is actually only 250,000 for each language. Dont get a dictionary with fewer than 40,000 entries. One Language or Two Monolingual, German-only dictionaries offer several disadvantages, especially when you are just at the beginning of your German learning. For intermediate and advanced learners they might serve as additional dictionaries to broaden ones ability to circumscribe certain things. While they usually contain more entries they are also very heavy and impractical for daily use. Those are dictionaries for serious language students, not for the average German learners. If you are a beginner I strongly recommend that you get a German-English dictionary to be very clear about what a word might mean. Take a look at a few Buying It At Home or in Germany At times I have come across German learners who bought their dictionaries in Germany because they were simply very expensive in their home country. The problem often was that those were English-German dictionaries, meaning they were made for Germans who were learning English. Which had some huge disadvantages. As the user was German they didnt need to write the German articles or plural forms into the dictionary which made those books simply useless for German learners. So be aware of such issues and pick a dictionary that was written for learners of German as a foreign language (Deutsch als Fremdsprache). Software or Print Versions Even a few years ago there was no substitute for a real print dictionary you could hold in your hands, but nowadays online German dictionaries are the way to go. They are extremely helpful and can save you a lot of time. They also have one huge advantage over any paper dictionary: They weigh absolutely nothing. In the age of the smartphone, youll always have some of the best dictionaries right at hand wherever you are. The advantages of those dictionaries are just amazing. Nevertheless, about.com offers its own English-German glossaries and links to many online German dictionaries that can still be quite helpful. Dictionaries for Special Purposes Sometimes a regular German dictionary, no matter how good it may be, just isnt adequate for the job. Thats when a medical, technical, business, scientific or other industrial-strength dictionary is called for. Such specialized dictionaries tend to be expensive, but they fill a need. Some are available online. The Essentials Whatever kind of dictionary you decide on, make sure it has the basics: the article, which means the gender of nouns, noun plurals, genitive endings of nouns, the cases for the German prepositions and at least 40,000 entries. Cheap print dictionaries often lack such information and are not worth buying. Most online dictionaries even provide you with audio samples of how a word is pronounced. Its advisable to look for a natural pronunciation like e.g. linguee. Original Article by: Hyde Flippo Edited, 23rd of June 2015 by: Michael Schmitz

Successful Adoption of Strategic Management Principle Research Paper

Successful Adoption of Strategic Management Principle - Research Paper Example Strategic analysis is the most important and first component of the strategic management process. It starts with analyzing the internal and external environments and the situation wherein the organization matches those environments (Hunger & Wheelen, 2000). After the completion of the strategic analysis, formulation of strategy follows. This requires establishing the strengths of the organization to choose which strategies can be put into practice. The third stage is the strategic implementation. It requires actualizing or executing the formulated strategy (Hunger & Wheelen, 2000). The last stage requires monitoring the outcomes of an implemented strategy. This strategic review is basically similar to strategic analysis, observing the external and internal environments and the situation (Hunger & Wheelen, 2000) of the organization to decide if a plan should be reconstructed. Strategic management contributes largely to the long-term success of an organization. It is effective in the s ense that it improves organizational outcomes through a structured process of strategic planning. However, strategic planning is not without cost or difficulties. It is difficult to perform; requires extensive knowledge and rigour; and without the right managerial leadership, it will not be able to maintain the participation of others in the organization (Hill & Jones, 2009). The process of strategic planning will fail if there is no genuine and sustained involvement. However, if an organization chooses not to undergo strategic planning it will generate opportunity costs.

Ethics and Professionalism in Medicine-Journal Essay

Ethics and Professionalism in Medicine-Journal - Essay Example In addition, when the time arrives to be finally seen to the doctor, the doctor is in sort of a hurry. Professionalism seems to be on the verge of being none at all in such situations. Hence, I posed a question concerning the care of the patient as to why they are neglected. The answer was that the patient is concerned about himself alone while, the doctor and the nurse also have other patients to tend to. This becomes stressful and although they try to balance it in every way there comes a time when it just slips out of their control. Although I didn’t find this explanation helpful, it can be justifiable. Relating another example, Cindy, a nurse was confused as to why a patient was behaving the way he was but instead of stopping and asking, she thought it better to send him for his tests. As she didn’t stop and think the reason behind the patient’s particular behavior; this makes the patient defensive and unwilling in return. There can be several reasons behind verbally abusive patient; it might be the pain, a psychological aspect or it can be the injury itself. It is important for the doctor and nurse to be aware of the patients’ weaknesses. Another aspect of ethics dangling on the borderline, I witnessed was that in some cases, the patient demanded as to why the information about him was given to his family without his consent. Or why he wasn’t aware of the disease he had. There are no steadfast rules regarding that but a viewpoint suggest that the patient has the right to know and to hold out information to anyone he want to. Here, ethics also deal with the coding that is done in order to safeguard a patient’s identity. In the hospital, I saw that coding is better than the conventional system as it gives assurance to the patient. A particular case which stuck in my mind was that a patient was willing to go through a surgery not as yet an area of expertise for the doctor. There were high risks but the patient was adamant. They finally decided

Managing Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Diversity - Essay Example ze my environmental footprint by generating less trash, burning less oil, and wisely utilizing the resources, including the Earth’s water supply, that I have at my disposal. In a word – no. Deadlines themselves are put in place as a means to ensure that the process is both fair and equitable to all parties involved. As was the case with Broward Taxi Company, the firm was able to submit their documentation for a very long period of time; however, they procrastinated on this until the last possible moment and ultimately had to face the consequences of failing to meet such a deadline. Thought he extenuating circumstances of the monopolistic competition that exists within the Ft. Lauderdale taxi industry are disheartening, the fact remains that the deadline was missed and according to procedure the firm is no longer able to compete within the market for the following calendar year. A sense of inequality would likely exist between the shareholders that followed procedure due to the fact that they did all that was necessary but the latecomer was able to submit after the deadline without any penalty whatsoever; thereby making the deadline itself all but superfluous. As one might assume, different cultures throughout the world place a different emphasis on the importance of being timely and meeting deadlines. Although there is always room for a degree of acceptance and cultural accommodation, the fact of the matter is that when it comes to deadlines the rules cannot be bent for mere cultural reasons due to the fact that this would represent an inequality and unfair practice across the board to all shareholders involved. No, simple disagreement with a process in and of itself does not mean that it is somehow unfair. Moreover, a process does not have to necessarily be unfair if it does not meet the needs of the individual or group in question. Fairness is not a determinant of convenience; rather, it is a measurement of equality among all individuals or groups

Telepresence is Finally Coming of Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Telepresence is Finally Coming of Age - Essay Example Similar to face-to-face interactions, telepresence meetings allow users to view one another and the tension to stay attentive and engaged occurs. For most offices, such an innovation would prove the ideal solution (Shein 2010). Clearly, the abilities of the technology might form an experience that feels very realistic. However, users must question whether the experience is similar in quality to real human communication. As a result, prior to continuing to grow telepresence technology, an organization must take its effect on human communication and relationship quality into account. a. Apart from the travel cost savings mentioned in the case study, two less tangible advantages for applying telepresence over the travel alternative are the quality of the life of a worker and ecological footprint. These merits are not effortlessly weighted or valued. As a result, I will offer and reference conformist approximations in this research to support my answers. These kinds of innovations are only possible because of the functionality of grids, particularly telecommunications (Shein 2010). b. Levels of stress affect human health significantly. Researchers surveyed traveling businesspersons in 2000 who recorded 80% more clinical claims than those who are stationary (Shein 2010). Consequently, clinical claims can result in lost work output at the workplace. Between 60 and 90% of grievances made by patients and taken to doctors are about stress (Shein 2010). Researcher Dr. Herbert Benson says three of the most widespread symptoms, headaches, serious pain, and hypertension, account for more than half of lost incomes from absenteeism. It is logical to presume that retain workers in their homes as much as possible to prevent increases in their stress levels (Shein 2010).  

To prepare a marketing communications plan to launch a new brand Essay

To prepare a marketing communications plan to launch a new brand (Yumee) into the UK market - Essay Example The report provides a comprehensive marketing communication plan for the new product â€Å"Yummee† a fresh fruit juice to be launched in to the UK market. A market analysis along with target market segments is discussed prior to setting marketing objectives. The marketing communication plan is linked to these overall marketing objectives to ensure a fully integrated marketing communication strategy. The Exotic Juice Company Ltd (TEJCL) is in the second position in the UK’s fresh fruit juice and fruit based drinks such as smoothies market behind the market leader, Innocence. The company has earned a reputation for product quality over the past hundred years of its existence and have a brand image, which is of â€Å"value for money† contrary to the high-end premium priced Innocence products. With their product portfolio currently carting orange, grapefruit and pineapple based products, the company wishes to expand their range with introduction of products, which targets the growing segment of health conscious consumers. After intensive investments in product development and market research, the company is ready to launch â€Å"Yummee† a product made of Yumberry, a â€Å"super fruit† from Australia, which is a rare and precious berry that provides a deep red colored juice and is purported to carry healthy benefits. For a company to be successful in business, it needs to respond to the changes in the market place by developing and implementing business strategies, that takes in to account the dynamic micro and macro business environment (Abell 1980, Thomson & Strickland 2003). The report provides a market analysis of the Fresh Fruit Juice market in UK and also assess the new product, Yummee’s strengths and weaknesses in relation to environmental conditions. . A SWOT analysis can be used in drawing conclusions on how a company can best align its resource base to take advantage of the business opportunities while safeguarding

Telepresence is Finally Coming of Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Telepresence is Finally Coming of Age - Essay Example Similar to face-to-face interactions, telepresence meetings allow users to view one another and the tension to stay attentive and engaged occurs. For most offices, such an innovation would prove the ideal solution (Shein 2010). Clearly, the abilities of the technology might form an experience that feels very realistic. However, users must question whether the experience is similar in quality to real human communication. As a result, prior to continuing to grow telepresence technology, an organization must take its effect on human communication and relationship quality into account. a. Apart from the travel cost savings mentioned in the case study, two less tangible advantages for applying telepresence over the travel alternative are the quality of the life of a worker and ecological footprint. These merits are not effortlessly weighted or valued. As a result, I will offer and reference conformist approximations in this research to support my answers. These kinds of innovations are only possible because of the functionality of grids, particularly telecommunications (Shein 2010). b. Levels of stress affect human health significantly. Researchers surveyed traveling businesspersons in 2000 who recorded 80% more clinical claims than those who are stationary (Shein 2010). Consequently, clinical claims can result in lost work output at the workplace. Between 60 and 90% of grievances made by patients and taken to doctors are about stress (Shein 2010). Researcher Dr. Herbert Benson says three of the most widespread symptoms, headaches, serious pain, and hypertension, account for more than half of lost incomes from absenteeism. It is logical to presume that retain workers in their homes as much as possible to prevent increases in their stress levels (Shein 2010).  

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 9

Assignment - Essay Example For running a nursing home, a unit can be treated as cost of a bed, payment to employees and other such services. Therefore, operating expenses include: â€Å"Lean Cost Management is another approach to financial measurement that makes waste and the costs it creates visible, and hence actionable, wherever and whenever it occurs in an organization† (Hobbs, 2011). Following this approach, a business can very well eliminate excessive transaction costs, re-ordering costs; minimize inventories and all other unnecessary costs involved. The lean cost management technique brings into notice all excessive costs and helps the business to reduce it accordingly. It foregrounds the required agility with which the level of production can be increased as well as the cost that can be reduced without hampering quality of products. Its aim is to reduce seven forms of wastages in manufacturing made by any business, like, unsold inventory, which is considered as overproduction as per this method. Lean costing technique is a perfect example of costing in an agile environment. There are various expenses that are incurred by a business. These overheads expenses can be effortlessly allocated by using lean cost management and operating costing technique. Based on these techniques, expenses for each overhead incurred by a business can be noticed more prominently and allocation of funds can be done in an effective and methodological manner. These cost management techniques allow a business to forecast the cost and lessen it as per necessity. Therefore, the technique that Hugh Knock had decided for Pedro’s business was rightly the operating costing and lean cost management method (Gupta, 2009). According to Knock, this method will help Pedro to find out the unnecessary unit cost involved in his future business and curb it accordingly. Hugh also stated the necessity of bigger business to allocate the cost per unit of their service. He made the statement

Public Transport Essay Example for Free

Public Transport Essay Public transport can be define as a system of vehicles such as buses and trains, which operate at regular times on fixed routes and are used by the public. In Malaysia, the number of vehicle on the road has been increase in every year. It shows that the public now is affordable to have at least a motorcycle as their daily transport rather than use the public transport. The public should not use the public transport because the risk of being the criminal victim will increase the people need to wait a long time for the public transport and the public cannot have comfort in their journey to their destination. Firstly, the disadvantages of using public transport are the risk of being the criminal victim is high .Many criminal case is being reported is causes when the public using this kind of transport. Raped and snatch crime is the most common cases that causes by the public transport. As example, when a woman used the public transport such as bus lonely, she will sit beside someone that she does not know the background, behavior or its intention to her. It is also dangerous when a person in a crowded train, many people around her will take advantage to snatch her wallet unconsciously. In addition, when using the public transport, people cannot have a comfortable journey to their destination. Some of the public transport such as bus is usually dirty and smelly. It will make the passenger uncomfortable due to that condition instead they using their own car .Beside that, when there is too much passenger in a train or bus , it is impossible to have a seat although they pay same fare as well as other people. Some special people such as disabled person and old folks may be treated bad when they are in the public transport. Moreover, the disadvantages of using public transport are the people need to wait for a long time to have a bus or train. People will waste their time during they waiting for the public transport instead they used their own transport to go whenever they desired anytime. As example, when a person is having an emergency such as death in the family while he using a public transport, it will be take a long time for him to reach his destination on the time. However, there is an advantage when using the public transport in which it will prevent the environment from pollution such as air or land. Furthermore, when using the public transport, the traffic jam in a city also can be reduce at the same time because the causes of the traffic jam is when there is too much vehicle entering the city. When there is too much vehicle, the percentage or risk of an accident to occur is also high. As the conclusion, the usage of public transport is more contribute to the disadvantages to us. People should emphasize and realize that when they using the public transport ,risk of being the criminal victim will increased , the people need to wait a long time for the public transport and the public cannot have comfort in their journey to their destination.

Strategy of long term goals and objectives

Strategy of long term goals and objectives Strategy is the determination of the primary long term goals and objectives of the organization. It is the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources for carrying out these goals (Chandler, 1962). Strategic planning is very important factor for an organization. It is the process of determining a companys long term goals and then detecting the best approach for fulfill those goals. 1.1: Bangladesh Steel Re-Rolling Mills Ltd Bangladesh Steel Re-Rolling Mills Ltd. (BSRM) a unit of well known H. AKBERALI Group of Industries, having 50 years experience exclusively in steel production, is fully automatic steel re-rolling mill in the Bangladesh. The mill was imported from U.K. and commissioned at the sea port of Chittagong. The initiator of the group was late Mr. Akberali A. Africawala and is now managed by his sons nephews. Bangladesh Re-rolling Steel Mills Limited (BSRM) was established in 1960 and started to produce commercially in 1961. The head office is situated at Sadarghat, and it has factory at Bayazid Bostami road, Chittagong. Company slogan is Be Safe. The production capacity is 20 metric ton per hour. The utilization rate is near about 75%. Machineries have been imported from England. BSRM is going to set up a different steel factory at Fouzdarhat in Chittagong to meet the increasing demand. The brand name of their products is BSRM. It is an ISO certified manufacturing concern. It usually follows cost base pricing. They do not discriminate the prices of their products. Their annual promotional budget is Tk 15000000. The prices range between Tk 37500 to TK 39500. The margin per MT is Tk 2300. The revenue is Tk 11000000 per year. During the winter season, the demand for their products goes up. 1.2: Mission of BSRM The Mission of the Company is to make life of the people secured and safe by providing quality products at a cheaper price and to be a partner in the nation building activities. 1.3: Vision of BSRM *Support the society through Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives *Maintaining leadership position in the steel industry by producing the best quality steel products, continuously enhancing customer satisfaction and becoming a reliable business partner of their customer and suppliers. *Be an employer of choice, on focus on nursery and talent and developing future leaders of the organization. *Protect the interest of their shareholders throw sustainable growth and value correction. *Preserve the trust of all of their stakeholders by adopting ethical business practices. 1.4: Core Organization Values Sustainable Growth: Steady improvement in the quality of products and services, efficiency of processes and profitability of business. Quality: Creating products and services valued by our customers; consistently improving through innovation and adopting best practices. Reliability: Be the preferred business associate of our customers and suppliers by offering quality products. Leadership: Be a role model, setting benchmarks through our products, processes and people. Customer Satisfaction: Delight our external and internal customers at every stage of our interaction with them by really understanding their needs, offering them our most excellent products and services. 1.5: Goals and Objectives Support the society through Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. 1.6: Stakeholders Share holders and Share Percentage Sponsor/Director 65.52%, Institute 11.7%, Public 22.78% Suppliers Meghna Engineering Works Limited, Nasirabad I/A, Chittagong., DuferCo Asia PTE Limited, Singapore, Nortrade International Pte Limited- Australia, Maithan International, Mumbai, India, BGH Exim Limited Kolkata, India. Competitors Rahim Steel Mills Limited, Kabir Steel Re-Rolling Mills Limited, Seema Steel Re-Rolling Mills Limited, Bashundara Steels. Board of Directors Mr. Alihussain Akberali, Mr. Zohair Taherali, Mr. Aameir Alihussain, Mrs. Tehseen Zohair Taherali, Mrs. Sabeen Aameir, Mr. Qazi Sarwar-E-Alam. Bankers Agrani Bank Ltd, NCC Bank Ltd, The City Bank Ltd, AB Bank Ltd, Dhaka Bank Ltd, Prime Bank Ltd, The Trust Bank Ltd, Bank Alfalah Ltd, Eastern Bank Ltd, Pubali Bank Ltd , IFIC Bank Ltd, Uttara Bank Ltd, BRAC Bank Ltd, Mercantile Bank Ltd, Standard Bank Ltd. 1.7: Organogram of BSRM Figure 1.1: The present existing organizational structure of BSRM Chapter 2 Assignment: Part 2 Q.1. (i) An analysis of the internal and external environment affecting the company above.- Internal Analysis By using the Internal analysis we can find the organizations strength, ability, productivity and many others factors. Here Lewis 6 factors have used for the analysis of the internal environment of BSRM. It is as follows: Management Capabilities BSRMs top management members have high educational and professional qualifications such as MBA, CA, MS. In Bangladesh BSRM management is the most experience and capable management in the steel industry sector. Marketing BSRM has well established brand name and brand value in Bangladeshi market. They have strong media and communication division which uses effective and strong advertising techniques to reach to the people. Delivery and distribution is one of the most important factors to win and retain customer confidence. For smooth and prompt delivery BSRM has already engaged several hundred dealers all over the country. It has sales and delivery depots in Dhaka, Sylhet, Bogra, Khulna, Moulvibazar and Comilla. Product and Services BSRM provides best quality products like Deformed Bar Xtreme 500W Yield Strength 72,500 psi (min), Grade-75 Wires, Angles, Channels, Spring Steel Flats, Low Carbon Wire Rods, etc. Company also provides good services for his customers such as free product delivery service. Information Technology (IT) In recognition of the recent rapid growth of the company, the present IT facilities are in the process of modification to meet the requirements of all the operating units and functional departments of the company. To ensure prompt and accurate information and data management, BSRM has decided to reconstitute total IT structure of the group. The development of this modification has already started. BSRM introducing integrated software encompassing sales and marketing, production, accounts, stores etc to enhance the effectiveness of the company businesses. Finance In Dhaka stock exchange, BSRM is one of the strong capitalised companies. Its annual turnover is BDT 15,843,586,337. BSRMs Authorized Capital in BDT (Crore) is 200.00 and Paid up Capital in BDT (Crore) is 145.00. BSRM always maintain good financial and audit record. Human Resources BSRM has experience and professional workforce. Company provides excellent training and motivation program for the employees for better productivity and performance. In 2009 a few plans were put into place that will significantly revamp the companys Human Resource Management (HRM) capability. BSRM has appointed Price water house Coopers (PwC) one of the largest and reputed management consultancy firms in the world with the aim of strengthening human resource management. External Analysis For analyzing the external environment of an organization PESTEL and Porters 5 forces analyze are used. Porters five forces include the supplier bargaining power, buyers bargaining power, threat of entry, threat of substitute and competitive rivalry (Robert, 2008). The Porters Five Forces model is a straightforward tool that supports strategic view where power lies in a trade condition. Threats of New Entrants Capital Requirement: Steel business is an investment precise business sector. Already BSRM has invested large amount of capital in steel sector. Government Policy: BSRM is an old company and its Corporate Social accountability already enjoys a reputable position in front of the Bangladesh Government. Differentiation of product: Steel has very small barriers in terms of product differentiation as it does not fall into the magnificence or specialty goods and thus does not have any bulky price variation. However, BSRM still enjoy a premium for their products because of its quality and its brand value. BSRM has introduced brands like BSRM Xtreme 500W, BSRM Grade-75 Wires, BSRM Angles, BSRM Spring Steel Flats. Competition Analysis One commonly used concentration ratio is the four-firm concentration ratio, which consists of the market share, as a percentage, of the four largest firms in the industry. All the major domestic competitors like KSRM, Rahim Steel Ltd., PHP, Bashundhara have announced massive expansion plans recently. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Globally, the top three mining giants BHP Billiton, CVRD and Rio Tinto supply nearly two-thirds of the processed iron ore to steel mills and command very high bargaining power. In order to safeguard itself from the high bargaining power of the suppliers, BSRM has forayed much earlier into the strategy of Backward Integration. Threat of Substitutes: Plastics and composites create a threat to BSRM in one of its biggest market. Perhaps the main beautiful substitute of stainless is aluminium. Steel has already been replaced in some huge number applications: large diameter water pipes (RCC pipes), railway sleepers (RCC sleepers), small diameter pipes (PVC pipes), and domestic water tanks (PVC tanks). Bargaining Power of Buyers: Some of the major steel consumption fields like gas, oil and automobile, shipping, consumer power and durables generation have the advantage of high bargaining power and get smart deals. Q.1. (ii) Briefly state any major changes took place based on the affect of external environment. BSRM has launched new product named BSRM Xtreme 500W in 2008 due to the hard competition in steel sector in Bangladesh. Competition among the competitors is one of the important external environmental factors. In Bangladesh there are many big steel industries running their operation. All the major domestic competitors like KSRM, Rahim Steel Ltd., PHP, Bashundhara try to achieve the higher position in this field by produce new products. Nowadays construction activities are increasing more than any time ever. Bangladesh is not separate from this growth. For buildings, bridges, household instruments, etc. construction steel is essential product. The increasing demand of steel, produce hard competition among the existing steel industries in Bangladesh. BSRM always try to give new, safe quality products and services for their customers. By this way BSRM attract new customers and try to beat their competitors. At present everyone using high quality steel bar for the construction purposes. BSRM Xtream 500W bars make a tremendous change in Bangladeshi steel sector and make BSRM the leader in steel industry. Q.2. Review the existing business plan of the chosen company and review the competitive position and current business strategy. Current Business Strategy of BSRM BSRM has developed its strategy for the future growth of the company. By applying the market oriented strategy BSRM try to attract more customers. At present, BSRM has launched new products in the market named BSRM Xtreme 500W. The company already booked many construction material supply orders from the corporate customers. Price reduction strategy is another strategy they have already started to apply. The company has already appointed more than 100 dealers and agents all over the country to supply their products and services to their customers. By providing high quality products and customer services BSRM try to increase their sales and profits. This is the current business strategy of BSRM. Current Business Plan of BSRM For increase the production capacity by 33% from the present capacity of 375,000 tons/year to 500,000 tons/year BSRM has taken some actions. The next plan of BSRM is, they will spend about Tk. 650,000,000 for the expansion of the company. By retained earnings and partially by term loans from the banks, BSRM will finance their business target. For the un-interrupted raw material supply BSRM group has established a new company named BSRM Iron Steel Co Limited (BISCO). BSRM Steels Ltd. will acquire 95% stake in BISCO for strategic reasons and increase competitive position of our Company. Competitive Position of BSRM Various models and strategies can be used to review the competitive position of a company such as Boston Consulting Group Matrix, Industry Life Cycle and Strategy clock etc. I am going to analyse the competitive position of BSRM by using Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG) and Industry Life Cycle. Boston Consulting Group Matrix It is classified all companies strategic business unit according to the growth rate and market share (Kotler, 2008). High relative market share Low relative market share High market growth rate Stars Question marks Low market growth rate Cash cows Dogs Figure 2.1: BCG Matrix chart The above chart showing four different level of competitive position. Stars High market share high market growth. Question mark Low market share high market growth. Cash cows High market share low market growth. Dogs Low market share low market growth. According to this Boston Consulting Group Matrix analysis BSRM is in the position of star because it has about 50% market share in the steel industry. BSRM is number one steel industry in Bangladesh. BSRM earned net profit of Tk. 574.08 million in 2009. Gross Profit also increases Tk. 271,922,738 from the previous year. So it shows the high market share and high growth rate. Industry Life Cycle BSRM Figure 2.2: Industry life cycle chart The industry life cycle is an important indication of the growth of a company. The different stages of an industry life cycle are: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Sales normally start gradually at the introduction stage and then lift-off continuously throughout the growth period. After the maturity stage, sales then start a regular decline. Basically, profits usually running to rise during the life cycle. An industry start its journey or beginning from the introduction phase of the life cycle. Perhaps a fresh and unique product offering has been developed and patented, thus beginning a new industry. Significant amount of capital required in the growth stage of an industry like the introduction stage. The industry is experiencing more product standardization at this stage. When the industry begins its expansion into maturity stage the curve looks flat. This indicates slow growth of the industry. Some experts place another stage between growth and maturity, called expansion. Declines are almost expected in an industry. If product improvement has not kept speed with other competing products and if new innovations or technological changes have caused the industry to become obsolete, sales suffer and the life cycle experiences a decline. In this stage, sales are falling at very fast rate. According to the figure 2.2 of industry life cycle, the competitive position of BSRM is in maturity stage. BSRM has already passed its introduction and growth level. Now it has a brand name and value in Bangladeshi steel market. BSRM has very strong customer backup. Now in this mature stage, it has to introduce new strategy to increase its growth. Q.3. Identify and evaluation of alternative strategies that would consist of companys goals and objectives and select an appropriate future new strategy. According to the previous analysis of the existing position of BSRM I can suggest a possible alternative strategy under ANSOFF matrix. ANSOFF matrix is a popular method among the organizations business practices. ANSOFF matrix (Product market expansion grid) represents four potential options which are shown in the figure below. ANSOFF Matrix (Product-Market Expansion Grid) Figure 3.1: ANSOFF Matrix (Product-Market Expansion Grid) layout. Market penetration Market penetration is the name given to a growth strategy where the business focuses on selling existing products into existing markets. Market development Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. Product development Product development is the name given to a growth strategy where a business aims to introduce new products into existing markets. This strategy may require the development of new competencies and requires the business to develop modified products which can appeal to existing markets. Diversification Diversification is the name given to the growth strategy where a business markets new products in new markets. This is an inherently more risk strategy because the business is moving into markets in which it has little or no experience. Here two alternative strategies I can mention. They are Market development and product development. Let us evaluate both strategies related to the BSRM. Market Development Suitability BSRM can increase their market coverage through the market development strategy. By applying market development BSRM can increase its sales growth rate. If they increase their sales obviously they can profit. There are some areas in Bangladesh which are in under development process. Many constructions activities are running all over the country. So, it can be a good chance for BSRM to increase their market growth. According to BSRMs vision and mission statement it has mentioned to provide high quality steel products to the customer and become market leader in steel industry sector. Market development can support BSRM to achieve their mission and vision. So this is a suitable strategy to BSRM. Acceptability BSRM is the leading steel industry in Bangladesh and they have brand name. People undoubtedly believe their products. BSRM always honestly work for their customers, shareholders. So, in capital market it has a positive reaction. Currently government spending large amount of money in the industry sector for the development of current economical condition. So, this is an acceptable strategy. Feasibility According to the cash flow statement BSRM has good financial ability in market. In the date of 31st March, 2008 BSRMs share money deposit was BDT 6,015,000 and Liability against import was BDT 169,597,618. It has the largest work force and experience management team. BSRM has good annual balance and cash flow statement. Their stock market shares are also strong valued. BSRM has financial capability to research on the market. So this strategy is also feasible. Product development Suitability Bangladesh Steel Re-Rolling Mills Ltd. currently produces steel related products and services. It has good market share as mentioned. BSRM can use product development strategy for their market growth. Peoples experience and perceptions are always changing. So customers prefer to experience new product. Generally they like new products with high value and low price. BSRM can produce new products and can improve their customer relation facilities. Also they can improve their current product by using new technological instruments and machines. It has already create and maintain a well known brand name so, that will help to marketing the new product. Also BSRM created brand and customer loyalty so this strategy is appropriate to BSRM. Acceptability Using the industry life cycle analysis it is clear that BSRM coming under the maturity stage. Therefore, product development is acceptable in this stage. It will help to achieve the profit growth. Through the product development it can ensure the profit and success. In the steel business field changes are important to progress in the market. For an example TESCO has introduced TESCO lemon drinks, TESCO sugar, etc. Introduce lemon drinks and sugar is product development strategy for the company. It is not a completely new product it is a modified product. By Using these types of strategy TESCO try to increase their market growth. So this strategy is also acceptable for BSRM. Feasibility Through the financial statement BSRM has established their financial resource. They have strong financial background and stability in the market. Optimum level of financial resources helps BSRM to support the product development strategy. As a steel industry BSRM has the financial, human, technology and physical resource. Favourable and good cash flow statement shown in the financial statement. Therefore this strategy is also feasible to Sri Lanka Telecom. According to the evaluation of the alternative strategy analysis I can recommend that product development strategy is the most suitable strategy than the market development. There are many opportunities for BSRM to enter into the new market. BSRM already has the brand name. So it is the chance for BSRM to implement the product development strategy. Q.4. Construct a new suitable structure for a strategy plan ensuring the participation of all stakeholders. New Organizational Structure Figure 4.1: Proposed New Organizational Structure of BSRM Under the every divisional CEO the structure will be same for GM to the bottom line. It is a common practice that when an organization changes their strategy it requires to change of the organizational structure. There are four major types of organizational structure used which are divisional structure, functional structure, matrix structure, strategic business unit structure. According to the new strategy of BSRM I have proposed a new organizational structure. The new structure is the divisional form of organizational structure. Product development is the new strategy I have recommended for BSRM. So, I have restructured the existing structure. I have added six divisional CEO for the company according to my new strategy product development. One CEO cannot control all of the part of Bangladesh so I have introduced the others. I have included another manager who is product research and development manager under the Sr. Manager Marketing Sales. In this structure product research and development manager is an important post. His job will be the product research and find out the market opportunity which BSRM can implement into their product development strategy. Q.5. Analyse how you would plan for the implementation of strategy in the perspective of following issue. Strategic Plan Strategic plan is a set of statements describing the purpose and ethical conduct for an organization together with the specific strategies designed to achieve the targets set for each of these. The strategic plan can be arranged by analysing the internal and external factors which have control over the company. There are some major points involved in strategic planning. They are as follows:- Defining corporate mission Setting corporate objectives and goals Designing the business portfolio Designing the key business unit strategy Functional plan. BSRM strategy plans accordingly the above steps. Corporate mission Become a market leader of Bangladesh in steel industry sector by providing a good and high quality products and services. Corporate objectives Maintain leadership position in the steel industry sector. Provide high quality products and services with affordable price. Achieving the target profit growth Increase the market share. Business portfolio BSRM produce steel related products such as: Deformed Bar Xtreme 500W, Grade-75 Wires, Angles, Channels, Spring Steel Flats, Low Carbon Wire Rods, etc. Business unit strategy To achieve its objectives product development is the BSRMs business unit strategy. Functional strategy To support the business strategy, BSRM has developed many promotional strategies. BSRM select the Chittagong and Dhaka division to increase its market area. Strategy can be reach through cost reduction, improved quality of product and services, through the development of customer preference and the raise of competitive leverage (Henry et al, 2003). Resource Requirements The resources are essential requirement to implement the strategy of the business. For the implementation of strategy there are four mail resources required. They are financial resources, physical resources, human resources and technological resources. Through the financial statement BSRM has established their financial resource. They have strong financial background and stability in the market. Technological resource is very much related to the steel industry sector. In 2008 a state-of-the-art DANIELI built rolling mill BSRM Steels for manufacture the highest grade bar available in Bangladesh. So BSRM adopt new technology to deliver good and quality products to his customer. BSRM has appointed PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) one of the largest and reputed management consultancy firms in the world with the aim of strengthening human resource management. BSRM has highly skilled labours and also has physical resources to implement the strategy. BSRM needs to acquire these resources effectively to support their objectives goals. Targets and timescales Timescale is one of the main facts for the implementation of strategy. If time target is fixed then the strategy control will be easy. BSRM always try to set a target timescales for the implementation of their strategy. By following the new strategy, BSRM has set a five years timescale to achieve their corporate objectives. The company has to do some research into the market condition and has to improve technical and distribution side. So it will take 5 years time period to achieve BSRMs new strategy.

Proposal for Pine Valley Furniture Ecommerce Webstore Essay -- Busines

Proposal for Pine Valley Furniture Ecommerce Webstore Now is the time to implement an Ecommerce webstore, and Eysie and Sehr Management Information System Consultants are the people who can make it happen. In an effort to maintain a competitive advantage Pine Valley Furniture needs to implement an ecommerce webstore. Making this transition and developing a webstore illustrates Pine Valley Furniture's commitment to change with the times and will prevent the loss of market share by competition. Trying to justify why Pine Valley Furniture needs to develop a webstore is futile, the reality is that developing a web-store for Pine Valley Furniture is a matter of survival. This proposal is a guideline and a road map in making Pine Valley Furniture a competitive webstore. First off, we need to focus on what our business objectives are and who our target audience is. As a corporation, our business objectives are to increase revenues for the shareholders while expanding our growth and lowering our costs. Market research has indicated that the areas of Corporate Furniture, Home Office Furniture, and Student Furniture have vast growth potential if properly managed on a webstore. If we are to create a webstore based fundamentally on pushing these three lines, we need to characterize what type of people will be buying these items. Corporate Furniture has a broader potentiality of selling in larger bulk quantities, while Student and Corporate Furniture will focus more on customization and personalization. Now that we had identified what it is that we want to sell on our webstore and who it is that we want to sell it to, we can now choose what type of hardware and software we will need. In order for our system to be operating at maximum efficiency, Eysie and Sehr Management Information System Consultants recommend a three tiered system because of existing system compatibilities. Tier one will consist of a web server layer, this layer will handle incoming internet requests, load balance requests, display html pages, route web requests to application server, and assemble data from an application server into web pages for clients. (George, 259) The second tier is the application server layer, this layer will authenticate users, process transactions, retrieve and send data to web server, and retrieve and send data to existing appli... ...dware is located off site, application is developed professionally and managed off site, and thus provides excellent emergency response. Some disadvantages of this option would be that it is inflexible, difficult to integrate with existing systems, and the resources are shared with other clients. (George, 258) The second option is to enterprise a resource planning system. The advantages of this would be stability and available documentation. Disadvantages of this option would be that it requires internal development, and would render documentation crucial during planning and development. (George, 258) The last thing that we need to address is how essential the commitment to this transition is. If this is going to be a successful transformation, the entire organization must exhibit unilateral support from the CEO throughout the entire organization. In conclusion, Eysie and Sehr Management Information System Consultants are willing to implement this ecommerce system for Pine Valley Furniture and are eager to do so as soon as possible. Works Cited: George, Hoffer, Valacich. Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. 2nd edition, India. 2002 p. 149-258.

The macroenvironmantal forces affect the banking industry are socia…

Social forces include the demographic features of the population and its value.DemographicAge constructionOne of import tendency is the shifting age construction of the universe ‘s population, as aging is now a phenomenon realized by people around the universe.Families and FamilyThe figure of families has been turning, as the family size has correspondingly been worsening. Besides, there appears to be an addition in the figure of double-income household.Population ShiftsAs a consequence of the over-development and congestion of the metropolis centre, antecedently rural country are been urbanised which caused big proportions of Asiatic population reallocated from metropolis centres to suburbs. Shifts from place to foreign states are besides common.CultureA 2nd societal force, civilization, incorporates the set of values, thoughts and attitudes that are learned and shared among the members of a group.The altering attitudes and Roles of Men and WomenResearch suggests that the bulk or grownups today believe work forces and adult females should every bit portion most duties.Beliefs, Values and HabitsThe values of the population alteration with the demographics of the people who hold these values. Peoples who are more educated live a busy life style which indicates that they place great importance on efficiency and the up-to-date information. The increasing average age population implies the bulk would be more mature when apportioning incomes. The addition in the figure of double-income twosomes consequences in turning accent on the togetherness of a household which implies higher values on leisure clip spent as household. A alteration in ingestion orientation is besides evident. Today, and for the foreseeable hereafter, value consciousness will drive ingestion behaviour.Economic and Regulatory ForcesThe economic system pertains to the income, outgos, and resources that affect the cost of running a concern and family. Regulation consists of limitations that Torahs in different Asiatic states place on concern with respect to the behavior of its activities.Business and Consumer ExpectationsOf peculiar concern at the macroeconomic degree is the inflationary or recessive province of the economic system. During the most recent fiscal crisis started in 2007, the banking industry suffered immense losingss. Although a batch of marks indicate that the economic system is retrieving, people presents are still non so confident about the hereafter.LiberalizationAs a consequence of globalisation, liberalisation in trade and investing is encouraged in order to ease international interactions in economic and societal spheres by diplomatic coordination of ordinances and criterions. As a consequence, the economic system is more dynamic and efficient which becomes easier for states to pull foreign direct investing.Increasing Regulations on Banking IndustryDue to the fiscal crisis, many states are set uping more ordinances that decrease the potency to gain net incomes from investings and other activities at Bankss in order to protect both the clients and the Bankss.Technological ForcesTechnology refers to innovations or inventions from applied scientific discipline or technology research. Each new moving ridge of technological invention can replace existing merchandises and companies.Electronic Business TechnologiesIn the past two decennaries, consumers are going much more reliant on on-line direction of their bank histories as the figure of places and concerns basking broadband entree to the Internet has reached true mass-market range. With the increasing universe ‘s cellular telephone endorser base, the lower phone monetary values and the expand of cellular service, a genuinely radical moving ridge of nomadic phones that can pull off fiscal histories is easy taking root all over the universe. However, with the edification of the Internet has arisen the issue of cyber security, another technological alteration to which the banking industry has had to react.DeductionObviously, the indicant of an aging population has brought about significant growing in nest eggs and retirement programs. Smaller families and double-income households lead to higher discretional incomes that can be saved or invested. Therefore, in the banking industry, sellers should offer more nest eggs and investing history options which enables consumers to choose the most appropriate program that can be personalized to outdo suit themselves. Due to the alone attitudes, lineage, communicating penchants and life styles of different groups harmonizing to coevals cohorts, genders and so on, the banking industry may develop different selling plans. As, the engineering develops, Bankss should see offering a comprehensive scope of services, such as screening and doing minutess, paying measures, online and by cell phone in order to supply convenience for clients so as to derive clients. Furthermore, for clients ‘ histories safety, Bankss should make more unafraid systems and give instructions on how to protect one ‘s history. Sing population displacements, set uping more subdivisions decently with respect to the bank size and mark clients would be a wise pick. One of import scheme can be offering clients foreign currency histories reacting to the addition in foreign currency usage. Another notable scheme would be developing on-line nest eggs histories for the adolescents due to the increasing degree of instruction. From this, Bankss can farther educate the young person and promote fiscal direction, and develop future trueness clients Banks should develop low-risk investing plans as people are still non so confident about the future economic system. An epoch of much lower risk-taking by traditional loaners has begun that will last for old ages. As consumers are going more value witting, the banking industry will go more competitory. Banks have to vie on value of their services in order to acquire clients who are necessitating more transparence when taking merchandise. Greatly increased regulative inadvertence will curtail loaners and investing companies of all types. Alternative loaning beginnings will be used to a turning grade by little concerns and some consumers unable to acquire loans elsewhere. 2.Responses and remarks:Maybank has done the following in response to the macroenvironmental alterations. Deciding whether the response is appropriate or non, we need to see whether there are demands and wants for it, whether it is aiming the right group, whether there are points of difference, and whether Maybank would be more likely to make its end by executing the response. Offering a figure of nest eggs and investing history options such as the Gold Savings Passbook Account and Flexi Plan 2. This response is appropriate as it responded to growing in nest eggs and retirement programs. Furthermore, different options can provide to different group of people which will broaden the bank ‘s mark clients. Pioneering on-line nest eggs histories for the teenage market by developing the â€Å" imteen † history. â€Å" imteen † history is a good thought as through Multi-tiered involvement rate, Passbookless, Convenient ATM entree, Online entree, Free Personal Accident ( PA ) coverage, Academic Cash wagess, Maybank will pull parents who want their kids ( 12-18y ) to larn to pull off their finance with little hazard, and earn future clients. Establishing subdivisions throughout Asia part every bit good as the universe. As Maybank ‘s concerns are chiefly in South East Asia, it is non advisable for it to establish a batch of subdivisions outside Asia as it will non be profitable in the short tally. In add-on, since the universe is still in the shadow of crisis, Maybank should concentrate more on regain trusts from clients alternatively of spread outing its concerns rapidly. Developing the low-maintenance Premier Club history for â€Å" persons who are invariably on the spell † This response is appropriate since it satisfies the demands of people who are busy and in demand of current events and state of affairss. Offering its clients its scope of foreign currency histories which minimize the hazard of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. This action is appropriate as it sets clear targeted sections and attempts to fulfill their demands and wants of interchanging foreign currency easy and often. Offering a comprehensive scope of services that is accessible online while implementing the Transaction Authorisation Code system to make a more unafraid environment. These responses are evidently right as they meet clients ‘ demands and wants of doing minutess and other services online handily and safely. Offering many services accessible by cell phone. Using M-money to carry on services which is promoted to be unafraid and convenient. Maybank needs to be careful when implementing the engineering. Although nomadic banking makes banking services possible everyplace, there are still a batch of challenges. First, Maybank have to happen ways to fulfill clients with different nomadic phones since it is really hard for Bankss to offer nomadic banking solution on any type of device. Second, security of fiscal minutess, being executed from distant locations and transmittal over the air, need to be addressed jointly by nomadic application developers, radio web service suppliers and the Bankss ‘ IT sections. Third, another challenge for Maybank is to scale-up the nomadic banking substructure to manage exponential growing of the client base as Bankss unable to run into the clients ‘ increasing outlooks from the solution may lose client assurance.Other responses:Reacting to the altering attitudes and functions of work forces and adult females, Maybank should develop banking services catering to both genders. As indicated in the text edition, in Singapore, the United Overseas Bank launched a recognition card merely for ladies under the advertisement subject, â€Å" The Men Do n't Get It. † Maybank should spread out its female client group by supplying particular services like publicities on watering place, shopping, dining, and traveling and so on. The tendency of value consciousness leads to Maybank analysing the market more carefully. Maybe it should add low-fee recognition cards in response to this new orientation. In order to gain money and minimise the hazard when loaning, Maybank should seek to develop new ways to do loans to clients. For illustration, enabling loaning by and between members of loaning nines, or between friends and household. 3. Some of the macroenvironmental forces impacting other industries are the similar to those in the banking industry, while some are different.Similarities:For societal environment, demographic forces about affect every industry greatly. For illustration, age construction will act upon vesture industry by make up one's minding what manners of apparels to bring forth, and will impact nutrient industry on their scheme about what facet should they concentrate on, gustatory sensations, Calorie, or eating environment. It will besides impact computing machine industry by clients ‘ demands and wants altering among different age groups. With respect to economic forces, globalisation is an of import tendency. It has led to the rise of monolithic transnational nutrient processing companies, which frequently sell their nutrients under local names in local linguistic communications, after bring forthing them in regional mills worldwide. Due to globalisation, more and more local apparels trade names are known to the universe and design, production, and merchandising can be done in different states. The Computer industry is a genuinely globalized sector, where research, development and fabrication of constituents and systems have grown in the labs and fabrication workss of chiefly Asia states. When it comes to political environment, political hazards matter likewise to about all industries, as they need licences, protection for belongingss in foreign states, and turning away of societal agitation. In footings of engineering forces, about every industry is affected greatly nowadays. In vesture industry, the sweeping alteration in dress retailing is the lifting success of e-commerce which increases efficiency. Meanwhile, in nutrient industry, engineering has revolutionized the manner that we grow, conveyance, procedure, bundle, purchase and cook nutrient. There is no difference in banking industry as indicated above. Most significantly, engineering is indispensable to computing machine industry, non merely because of its ain development, but besides the other matching techniques such as Wi-Fi, and Internet contraptions.Differences:From my point of position, all macroenvironmental forces will impact all industries. The difference lies in to what widen they affect the industry. Some may be bantam and sellers do non necessitate to alter schemes, some may immense which force sellers to react. As for political environment, different Torahs impact otherwise to different industries. On one manus, Patent jurisprudence, copyright jurisprudence and other related Torahs are really of import to many industries as they give discoverers or author the right to protect their rational belongingss. It is particularly of import in computing machine industry, as the nucleus of InfoTech is creative activity and wisdom. Besides, in vesture industry, the increasing accent on right of first publication would forestall others from copying the design. However the consequence would non be so important in banking and nutrient industry. On the other manus, the Torahs and ordinances sing wellness are really important to nutrient industry. Sing societal forces, civilization plays an of import function in many industries. However, they may non be as powerful in banking industries as they are in other industries. For nutrient industry, people ‘s purchases of nutrient mostly depend on their eating wonts. However, as people are paying more attending to wellness and fittingness, it may necessitate to alter its focal point from gustatory sensation to take down Calorie or full nutrition. In vesture industry, civilization chiefly determines what a group of people would have on. Besides, as the addition concern on wellness, people have developed a acute involvement in athleticss dress and exercise cogwheel. On the other manus, for banking and computing machine industries, the consequence of civilization may non be that important.Deduction:Before doing determinations on market schemes, sellers should first transport out a careful environmental scanning analysing the chief forces that affect the industry significantly and t hat should concentrate on. It is besides advisable for sellers to detect all the other undistinguished forces in instance as the society develops, they become important adequate to impact the industry.

Marketing Metrics Answers

Metrics Mastery Worksheets are designed to be in class exercises that your students can work on in class. This is a master document that provides all worksheets questions and answers. You can modify or change it as needed in order to prepare one page two sided exercises for your students to hand out in class. You can also easily turn the answers into powerpoint slides to review the answers in class. Table of Contents Worksheet: Metric 1 Expense Types2 Worksheet: Metric 2 Percentage Change5 Worksheet: Metric 3 Market Share & Market Analytics8 Worksheet: Metric 4 Contribution Margin11Worksheet: Metric 5 Mark-up & Margin14 Worksheet: Metric 6 Pricing Wholesale to Retail17 Worksheet: Metric 7 Break-Even20 Worksheet: Metric 8 Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI)23 Worksheet: Metric 1 Expense Types 1) The Comfy Chair Company makes reclining chairs at its plant and sells them exclusively through its own retail store. It has the following expenses: Plant rent and taxes = $12,000. 00 Office and management expenses = $220,000. 00 Machinery and equipment purchased = $100,000. 00 Direct materials = $27. 00/chair Direct labour = 4 hours/chair @ $14. 00/hour Transportation = $5. 0/chair Commercial store front unit purchase = $500,000. 00 Advertising costs = $100,000. 00 Sales staff wages before commissions = $250,000. 00 Commission = $12. 00/chair a) Identify the Comfy Chair Company’s variable costs. b) What is the total cost to produce and sell each reclining chair? c) Identify the Comfy Chair Company’s fixed costs. d) What are the total fixed costs? e) Identify the one-time fixed costs incurred by the Comfy Chair Company. f) What are the total one-time fixed costs? Answer: (a)Direct materials = $27. 00/chair Direct labour = 4 hours/chair @ $14. 0/hour Transportation = $5. 00/chair Commission = $12. 00/chair (b)$100. 00/chair (c)Plant rent and taxes = $12,000. 00 Office and management expenses = $220,000. 00 Advertising costs = $100,000. 00 Sales staff wages = $250,000. 00 (d)$582,000. 00 (e)Machinery and equipment purchased = $100,000. 00 Commercial store front unit = $500,000. 00 (f)$600,000. 00 2) Thompson Toiletries, Inc. has developed an addition to its mens’ cologne line tentatively branded Ode d’Toad Cologne. It costs 45 cents to produce each 60mL bottle, and heavy advertising expenditures in the first year would cost $900,000.Ode d’Toad Cologne is priced at $7. 50 for a 60mL bottle. a) What is the variable cost per unit to produce a bottle of Ode d’Toad? b) What are the total fixed costs to produce and sell Ode d’Toad? Answer: (a)Variable cost per unit = $0. 45 (b)Total fixed costs = $900,000 3) Executives of Radical Recordings Ltd. produced an album entitled Sunshine/Moonshine by the Starshine Sisters Band. The cost and price information was as follows: |Album cover |$1. 00 | |Songwriter’s royalties |$0. 0 | |Recording artist’s royalties |$0. 70 | |Direct material and labour cost s to produce each album |$1. 00 | |Cost of producing the album (studio fee, advertising, promotional|$100,000. 00 | |expenses, etc) | | |Selling price |$7. 00 | ) Identify the variable costs, and amounts, that go into producing each album b) Identify the fixed costs, and amount, for producing the album Answer: a) Variable costs: Album cover$1. 00 Songwriter’s royalties$0. 30 Recording artist’s royalties$0. 70 Direct material and labout$1. 00 Total Variable Cost per Unit$3. 00 b) Fixed costs: Cost of producing the album = Total Fixed Costs = $100,000. 00 4) You are the owner of a travel agency that sells trips to university students. You are creating a package to sell an overnight trip to Blue Mountain. Identify the fixed and variable costs associated with the package ased on the information below. After identifying the costs, calculate the total cost based on 3 full busses of students. The package will include ski lift tickets, access to a VIP party and one night†™s hotel accommodation. It will cost you $300 to print 1,000 full colour posters and another $400 to purchase party supplies for the VIP Party. Each room costs $80 per night, with four people per room. A bus holds 40 people and the bus company will charge you $500 per bus. The ski hill is offering you a rate of $20 per ski lift pass. You also know that you need to purchase a ? page ad in the campus paper at a cost of $100 per week for 6 weeks. Variable Costs |Total |Fixed Costs |Total | |(description & Unit Cost) | |(Description) | | |Busses ($500/bus) |$1500 |Posters |$300 | |Hotel Rooms ($80/room) |$2400 |Party Supplies |$400 | |Ski lift passes ($20/pass) |$2400 |Newspaper ad ($100/wk) |$600 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Variable Costs |$6300 |Total Fixed Costs |$1300 | Worksheet: Metric 2 Percentage Change 1) Ed’s is a small deli, which has had great success in its second year of operation. Revenues in Year 2 are $570,000, compared with $380,000 in Year 1. What is Ed’s year-over-year sales growth rate? Answer: Year-over-Year Sales Growth = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($570,000 – $380,000) / $380,000 * 100% = 50% 2) A pair of jeans that normally sells for $75 is marked down 30% and then reduced at the cash register another 10%?Is this a total reduction of 40%? If not, what is the percent reduction? Answer: Let Price 1 be the initial price of $75, let Price 2 be the price after the 30% mark down, and Price 3 be the price after additional 10% reduction at the cash register. Initial Reduction = -30% = (Price 2 – Price 1) / Price 1 -0. 3 = (Price 2 – $75) / $75 -0. 3 * $75 = Price 2 – $75 Price 2 = -0. 3 * $75 + $75 = $52. 50 Second Reduction = -10% = (Price 3 – Price 2) / Price 2 -0. 1 = (Price 3 – $52. 50) / $52. 50 -0. 1 * $52. 50 = Price 3 – $52. 50 Price 3 = -0. 1 * $52. 50 + $52. 50 = $47. 25 Total Percent Reduction = (Price 3 – Price 1) / Price 1 * 100% = ($47. 5 – $75) / $75 * 100% = 37% 3) A small retain chain posts impressive percentage growth figures, moving from $58 million to $107 million in sales from one year to the next. Despite this dynamic growth, however, analysts cast doubt on the firm’s business model, warning that its existing stores’ growth measure suggests that its concept is failing. Based on the chart below, and assuming that stores were opened on the first day of Years 1 and 2: What is the retail chain’s year-over-year sales growth rate? What is the year-over-year sales growth or decrease for each store, as appropriate? What is the same store (existing and not expansion) year-over-year growth? Store |Opened |Revenue Year 1 (millions) |Revenue Year 2 (millions) | |A |Year 1 |$10 |$9 | |B |Year 1 |$19 |$20 | |C |Year 1 |$20 |$15 | |D |Year 1 |$9 |$11 | |E |Year 2 |n/a |$15 | |F |Year 2 |n/a |$12 | |G |Year 2 |n/a |$7 | |H |Year 2 |n/a |$18 | | | |$58 |$107 | Answer:Chain-wide Year-over-Year Sales Growth = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($107 – $58) / $58 = 84. 5% Store A Year-over-Year Sales = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($9 – $10) / $10 = -10% Store B Year-over-Year Sales = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($20 – $19) / $19 = 5. 26% Store C Year-over-Year Sales = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($15 – $20) / $20 = -25% Store D Year-over-Year Sales = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($11 – $9) / $9 = 22. 22% Same Store Sales Year 1 = $10 + $19 + $20 + $9 = $58 million Same Store Sales Year 2 = $9 + $20 + $15 + $11 = $55 million Same Store Year-over-Year Growth = (Year 2 – Year 1) / Year 1 * 100% = ($55 – $58) / $58 = – 5. 17% ) Do you agree with the analysts’ position regarding the retail chain in question 3, why or why not? If you were the owner of the retail chain would you continue to open stores? If not what would you do? Answer: – Agree with the analysts. Existing stores sales decreased from Year 1 to Year 2; growth declined 5. 17%. – I would not continue to open stores. I would address the decline in revenue / find out why the stores have negative growth in year 2. Worksheet: Metric 3 Market Share & Market Analytics Use the industry overview below to answer the questions that follow: Mobile Phones in the United States The mobile phone market in the United States covers the sales of mobile phone devices, smart phones, and PDAs (personal digital assistants).Table X below provides the annual sales volume of mobile phones from 2004 to 2009. Table XX details the market share of the top handset manufacturers. Table 1: US Mobile Phones: Sales Volume & Value 2004-2009 | |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 | |‘000 units |66,556. 1 |87,543. 1 |110,228. 1 |120,629. 4 |130,309. 9 |134,673. 5 | |US$ bn |4. 1 |5. 4 |6. 9 |8. 3 |10. 1 |10. 6 | Table 2: Mobile Phones Company Shares 2005-2009 % retail revenue share |2 005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 | |Samsung America Inc |15. 7 |15. 1 |17. 3 |22. 1 |25. 4 | |L. G. Electronics USA |15. 9 |16. 5 |15. 2 |20. 6 |21. 5 | |Motorola Inc |30. 4 |34. 8 |33. 5 |22. 8 |16. 4 | |Kyocera International Inc |5. 4 |4. 9 |4. 0 |9. 2 |9. 9 | |Research in Motion Ltd |0. 7 |1. 1 |2. |6. 0 |9. 0 | |Apple Inc |- |- |- |4. 9 |7. 4 | |Nokia United States |15. 4 |18. 1 |12. 5 |7. 5 |6. 5 | |Sanyo North America Corp |4. 3 |4. 2 |4. 5 |- |- | |Apple Computer Inc |- |- |1. 4 |- |- | |Others |12. 1 |5. |9. 0 |6. 9 |3. 8 | |Total |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 | 1) What is the annual 2009 revenue in dollars of the top 4 mobile phone companies? Answer: Revenue Market Share (%) = Revenue ($) / Total Market Sales Revenue ($) Revenue ($) = Revenue Market Share (%) * Total Market Sales Revenue ($) Samsung America Inc: Revenue = 25. 4% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 254 * $10. 6 billion = $2. 6924 billion L. G. Electronics USA: Revenue = 21. 5% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 215 * $10. 6 bill ion = $2. 279 billionMotorola Inc: Revenue = 16. 4% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 164 * $10. 6 billion = $1. 7384 billion Kyocera International Inc: Revenue = 9. 9% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 099 * $10. 6 billion = $1. 0494 billion 2) If the performance of the US mobile phone market is expected to continue to grow from 2009 to 2012 at a rate of 5% per year, what will the size of the market be by the end of 2012? Answer: Revenue 2009 = $10. 6 billion Revenue 2010 = Revenue 2009 + 5% * Revenue 2009 = $10. 6 billion + 0. 05 * $10. 6 billion = $10. 6 billion + $0. 53 billion = $ 11. 13 billion Revenue 2011 = Revenue 2010 + 5% * Revenue 2010 = $11. 13 billion + 0. 05 * $11. 13 billion = $11. 3 billion + $0. 5565 billion = $11. 6865 billion Revenue 2012 = Revenue 2011 + 5% * Revenue 2011 = $11. 6865 billion + 0. 05 * $11. 6865 billion = $11. 6865 billion + $0. 584325 billion = $12. 270825 billion = $12. 271 billion 3) Large retail chains form a leading distribution channel in the US mobile phone marke t, accounting for 28% of the total value in 2009. In comparison, wireless service providers account for 23%, independent retailers 15%, and other sources account for 32%. Based on the 2009 revenues for the mobile phone market in the US, what is the share of revenue in dollars for each of the different distribution channels? Answer:Revenue Market Share (%) = Revenue ($) / Total Market Sales Revenue ($) Revenue ($) = Revenue Market Share (%) * Total Market Sales Revenue ($) Large Retail Chains: Revenue = 28% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 28 * $10. 6 billion = $2. 968 billion Wireless Service Providers: Revenue = 23% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 23 * $10. 6 billion = $2. 438 billion Independent Retailers: Revenue = 15% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 15 * $10. 6 billion = $1. 590 billion Other: Revenue = 32% * $10. 6 billion = 0. 32 * $10. 6 billion = $3. 392 billion 4) Calculate the Three Firm Concentration Ratio and the Herfindahl Index for the US Mobile Phone market (using 2009 market share values).What can you infer about the market concentration from these two metrics? Answer: Three Firm Concentration Ratio = 25. 4% + 21. 5% + 16. 4% = 63. 3% Herfindahl Index = Sum ([market share)(2] = Sum (. 254(2 + . 215(2 + . 164(2 + . 099(2 + . 090(2 + .074(2 + . 065(2 + . 038(2) = 0. 167 With the top 3 companies accounting for 63. 3% of the market and a Herfindahl Index of 0. 167 the market is not highly concentrated. 5) You have just become the Director of Retail Sales for a large US retail chain. What impact will the growing sales of mobile phones have on your business? Answer: – With a 5% increase per year, impact will be minor. Large retail chains sell thousands of products. There will likely be a similar increase in related products, such as chargers, skins, cases, travel chargers, prepaid phone cards, etc. – There may be a need to increase inventory levels and shelf space devoted to mobile phones and related products – There may be a slight increase in consumer flow i nto stores, which would affect cross and upselling other products to consumers walking in for mobile phones. Worksheet: Metric 4 Contribution Margin 1) Mohan, an artist, draws caricatures on the waterfront pier. It costs him approximately $5 in materials (paper and markers) for each caricature he makes. He sells each caricature for $20. Calculate the contribution margin in terms of dollars and percent. Answer: Contribution Margin ($) = Revenue – COGS = $20 – $5 = $15Contribution Margin (%) = [Contribution per Unit ($) / Sale Price per Unit ($)] * 100% = [(Sale Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) / Sale Price per Unit] *100% = [($20 – $5) / $20] * 100% = [$15 / $20] * 100% = 0. 75 * 100% = 75% 2) The Hotel Grill Bar sells a set lunch for $12. The food cost of sales used in producing each set lunch is $5. Additional variable costs are $3 per lunch. The fixed costs of the restaurant are $3 per meal. What is the contribution margin expressed in dollars a nd percent? Variable Expenses = $5 + $3 = $8 Contribution Margin ($) = Revenue – Variable Expense = $12 – $8 = $4Contribution Margin (%) = [Contribution per Unit ($) / Sale Price per Unit ($)] * 100% = [(Sale Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) / Sale Price per Unit] * 100% = [($12 – $8) / $12] * 100% = $4 / $12 * 100% = 0. 33 * 100% = 33. 3% 3) You are an online retailer of CDs, promoting sales via a ‘no postage and packaging’ offer. You purchase your CDs from record companies for $18. 75. Packaging and a padded envelope cost $1. 00 per CD; and postage is $2. 00. If you sell the CDs for $25 what is your contribution margin in dollars and percent? Variable Expenses = $18. 75 + $1. 00 + $2. 00 = $21. 75Contribution Margin ($) = Revenue – Variable Expense = $25 – $21. 75 = $3. 25 Contribution Margin (%) = [Contribution per Unit ($) / Sale Price per Unit ($)] * 100% = [(Sale Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) / Sa le Price per Unit] * 100% = [($25 – $21. 75) / $25] * 100% = [$3. 25 / $25] * 100% = 0. 13 * 100% = 13% 4) You are the owner of an exclusive nightclub that is considering holding a New Year’s Eve party. You have determined that you need a minimum contribution margin of 40% in order to turn a profit for a single night event at your club.Additionally, in hosting all-you-can-eat and all-you-can-drink events in the past, you know that the food cost is $20 per person and the beverage cost is $17 per person. Finally, the house band charges a fee of $5 per person in attendance. What should you charge for a ticket? Answer: Variable Expenses = Food + Beverage + Band = $20 + $17 + $5 = $42 Contribution Margin (%) = [Contribution per Unit ($) / Sale Price per Unit ($)]* 100% = [(Sale Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit) / Sale Price per Unit] * 100% 40% = [(Sale Price per Unit – $42) / Sale Price per Unit] * 100% 0. 0 * Sale Price per Unit = Sale Price per Unit – $42 $42 = Sale Price per Unit – 0. 4 * Sale Price per Unit $42 = (1 – 0. 4) * Sale Price Per Unit Sale Price per Unit = $42 / 0. 6 Sale Price per Unit = $70 5) As the owner of the nightclub in question 4, you learn that a neighbouring nightclub is selling tickets for their New Year’s Eve party at $60/ticket, which is making your event less attractive. Should you lower your ticket price to match theirs given the variable costs in question 4 and knowing that your fixed costs will be $20/person? If not, why not and what might you do to increase tickets sales? Answer: No. The nightclub would lose $2 per ticket sold if they matched the neighbouring club’s price.To increase sales: – Reduce ticket price and reduce variable costs (lower priced food, drink, band) – Ensure that event is differentiated in a way that justifies the premium ticket price – Perhaps the other club is not offering all-you-can-eat or all-you-can-drink, or the b and is not as well-known, if that’s the case, ensure that your potential customers are aware of the differences Worksheet: Metric 5 Mark-up & Margin 1) A computer software retailer uses a markup rate of 40%. If the retailer pays $25 each for computer games sold in its stores, how much do the games sell for? Answer: The markup is 40% of the $25 cost, so the markup is: (0. 0) * ($25) = $10 Then the selling price, being the cost plus markup, is: $25 + $10 = $35 Therefore the games sell for $35. 2) A golf pro shop pays its wholesaler $40 for a certain club, and then sells that club to golfers for $75. What is the retail markup rate? Answer: The gross profit in dollars is calculated as sales price less cost: $75 – $40 = $35 The markup rate is then calculated: Markup (%) = Gross Profit / Cost *100 = $35 / $40 *100 = 87. 5% 3) A shoe store uses a 40% markup on cost. Find the cost of a pair of shoes that sells for $63. Answer: The cost of the shoes is calculated as follows: Se lling Price = Cost + Markup ($) Cost + (Markup (%) * Cost) $63 = Cost + (40% * Cost) $63 = Cost + (0. 4 * Cost) $63 = (1 + 0. 4) * Cost $63 = 1. 4 * Cost Cost = $63 / 1. 4 = $45 4) In 2009, Donna Manufacturing sold 100,000 widgets for $5 each, with a cost of goods sold of $2. What is the company’s margin? Identify a way that Donna Manufacturing can increase its profit margin? Answer: First we have to calculate the gross profit: Gross Profit = Selling Price – Cost of Goods Sold = $5 – $2 = $3 Now we can calculate the margin: Margin (%) = Gross Profit / Sales * 100 = $3 / $5 * 100 = 60% Ways to increase the profit margin: – Decrease cost of material – Decrease cost of manufacturing Increase sales price per unit – Decrease COGS 5) If a product costs $100 and is sold with a 25% markup at a retail store, what would be the retailer’s margin on the product? What should be the markup and selling price if the retailer desires a 25% margin? Why might the retailer be seeking to increase their margin? Answer: a) To calculate the margin, we first have to determine the sales price: Markup ($) = Markup (%) * Cost = 25% * $100 = $25 Selling Price = Cost + Markup ($) = $100 + $25 = $125 Margin (%) = Markup / Price * 100 = $25 / $125 * 100 = 20% Therefore the retailer’s margin would be 20% when the product is sold at a 25% markup. ) To calculate the markup and selling price at a 25% margin: Selling Price = Cost / (1 – Margin (%)) = $100 / (1 – 25%) = $100 / (1 – 0. 25) = $133. 33 Markup ($) = Selling Price – Cost = $133. 33 – $100 = $33. 33 Markup (%) = Markup ($) / Cost * 100 = $33. 33 / $100 * 100 = 33. 33% Therefore to obtain 25% margins, the product would have to be sold at $133. 33 with a markup of 33. 33%. c) Reasons for increase include: – Increase in fixed costs (rent, tax, commission, wages, etc. ) – Increase in demand and/or decrease in supply – Other compet itors/retailers charge more for the product and the higher margin is a result of increasing sales price to match Worksheet: Metric 6 Pricing Wholesale to Retail ) You are a manufacturer of widgets that sells your products to a wholesaler who in turn sells directly to retailers. You have developed a new widget and you know that your competition’s product retails for $23 in hardware stores. You know yours is slightly better, and are pretty sure your product could sell for $27. Assuming a retail margin of 33. 3% and a wholesale margin of 25%, what is the wholesaler’s selling price, and how much can you sell the widgets to the wholesaler for? Answer: If the suggested retail price of the widget is $27, then: Wholesaler Selling Price ($) = Retail Selling Price * [1 – Retail Margin (%)] = $27 * (1 – 33. 3%) $27 * (1 – 0. 333) = $18. 00 Manufacturer Selling Price = Wholesale Selling Price * [1 – Wholesale Margin] = $18. 00 * (1 – 25%) = $18. 00 * (1 – 0. 25) = $13. 50 2) As a small appliance manufacturer, your cost to manufacture and package your coffee maker is $10/unit. You want this to be a cash cow, so you decide to sell the coffee maker to your wholesaler for $19/unit. You know that the wholesaler’s margin is 25%, and that retailers typically take 33. 3% margins on small appliances. What will your coffee maker retail for rounded to the nearest whole number? Answer: Manufacturer Selling Price = Wholesale Selling Price * [1 – Wholesale Margin]Wholesale Selling Price = Manufacturer Selling Price / [1 – Wholesale Margin] = $19 / (1 – 25%) = $19 / (1 – 0. 25) = $25. 33 Wholesale Selling Price = Retail Selling Price * [1 – Retail Margin] Retail Selling Price = Wholesale Selling Price / [1 – Retail Margin] = $$25. 33 / (1 – 33. 3%) = $25. 33 / (1 – 0. 333) = $37. 98 Therefore the coffee maker will retail for $38. 00 3) A bearing manufacturer buys raw ma terials for $0. 50 per unit, turns the raw materials into a roller bearing, and then sells the bearings to a wholesaler for $1. 00 per unit. The wholesaler then sells the bearings to retailers for $2. 00 per unit, and finally consumers buy the bearings for $3. 00 per unit.What is the per unit margin in dollars for the manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer? What is the percentage margin for the manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer? What is the per unit margin in dollars and percentage margin for the entire chain? Answer: (a) Manufacturer margin ($) = $1. 00 – $0. 50 = $0. 50 Wholesaler margin ($) = $2. 00 – $1. 00 = $1. 00 Retailer margin ($) = $3. 00 – $2. 00 = $1. 00 (b)Manufacturer margin (%) = $0. 50 / $1. 00 * 100 = 50% Wholesaler margin (%) = $1. 00 / $2. 00 * 100 = 50% Retailer margin (%) = $1. 00 / $3. 00 * 100 = 33. 3% (c)Chain margin ($) = $3. 00 – $0. 50 = $2. 50 Chain margin (%) = $2. 50 / $3. 00 * 100 = 83. 3% 4) If the raw material cost goes up by $0. 5 per unit for the bearing manufacturer in question 3, what will be the retail price charged to consumers if all members in the chain maintain the same percent margin? What is the effect of the raw material increase to the consumer? Why is it important to understand channel margins and pricing practices? Answer: (a) Manufacturer margin = 50% Wholesaler margin = 50% Retailer margin = 33. 3% Raw material cost = $0. 50 + $0. 25 = $0. 75 Manufacturer margin = (Price – Cost) / Price * 100 50 = (Price – $0. 75) / Price *100 0. 5 * Price = Price – $0. 75 $0. 75 = Price – 0. 5 * Price $0. 75 = Price (1 – 0. 5) Price = $0. 75 / 0. 5 = $1. 50 Therefore the manufacturer sells the bearings for $1. 50 Wholesaler margin = (Price – Cost) / Price * 100 50 = (Price – $1. 0) / Price *100 0. 5 * Price = Price – $1. 50 $1. 50 = Price – 0. 5 * Price $1. 50 = Price (1 – 0. 5) Price = $1. 50 / 0. 5 = $3. 00 Therefore the whol esaler sells the bearings for $3. 00 Retailer margin = (Price – Cost) / Price * 100 33. 3 = (Price – $3. 00) / Price *100 0. 333 * Price = Price – $3. 00 $3. 00 = Price – 0. 333 * Price $3. 00 = Price (1 – 0. 333) Price = $3. 00 / 0. 667 = $4. 50 Therefore the retailer sells the bearings for $4. 50 (b) The price has increased by $1. 50 to the consumer (or 50% increase). (c) To evaluate the effects of price changes within the channel to the end consumer. Worksheet: Metric 7 Break-Even ) Apprentice Mousetraps wants to know how many units of its â€Å"Magic Mouse Trapper† it must sell to break even. The product sells for $20. It costs $5 per unit to make. The company’s fixed costs are $30,000. Answer: Break-Even Volume (#) = Fixed Costs ($) / Contribution per Unit ($) Contribution per Unit = Sales Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit = $20 – $5 = $15 Break-Even Volume (#) = $30,000 / $15 = 2,000 mousetraps 2) Apprentice Mousetraps wants to know how many dollars’ worth of its â€Å"Deluxe Mighty Mouse Trapper† it must sell to break even. The product sells for $40 per unit. It costs $10 per unit to make. The company’s fixed costs are $30,000. Answer:Break-Even Revenue ($) = Fixed Costs ($) / Contribution Margin (%) Contribution Margin (%) = Contribution per Unit / Selling Price per Unit Contribution per Unit ($) = Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit = $40 – $10 = $30 Contribution Margin (%) = $30 / $40 * 100 = 75% Break-Even Revenue ($) = $30,000 / 75% = $40,000 -OR- Break-Even Revenue ($) = Break-Even Volume (#) * Price per Unit ($) Break-Even Volume (#) = Fixed Costs ($) / Contribution per Unit ($) Contribution per Unit = Sales Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit = $40 – $10 = $30 Break-Even Volume (#) = $30,000 / $30 = 1,000 units Break-Even Revenue ($) = 1,000 * $40 = $40,000 3) John’s Clothing Store employs three salespeople.It gene rates annual sales of $1 million and an average contribution margin of 30%. Rent is $50,000. Each sales person costs $50,000 per year in salary and benefits. How much would sales have to increase for John to break even on hiring an additional salesperson? Answer: If the additional fixed cost of a salesperson is $50,000 and with an average contribution margin of 30%, then: Break-Even Revenue ($) = Fixed Costs ($) / Contribution Margin (%) = $50,000 / 30% = $166,666. 67 Therefore sales would have to increase by $166,666. 67 for John to break even on hiring an additional salesperson. 4) A corn farmer wishes to identify how many bushels of corn he must sell to cover his fixed cost at a given price.The farmer has costs consisting of $500 in real estate taxes, $700 interest on a bank loan, and $800 in other fixed expenses. The variable cost per bushel is $1, and covers labour, corn seed, herbicides and pesticides. If the price per bushel is $2, how many bushels must he sell to break even? Answer: Break-Even Volume (#) = Fixed Costs / Contribution per Unit Fixed Costs = $500 + $700 + $800 = $2000 Contribution per Unit ($) = Price – Variable Cost per Unit = $2 – $1 = $1 Break-Even Volume (#) = $2000 / $1 = 2000 bushels 5) If the farmer in question 4 sells only enough bushels to break even, what is his annual profit? Identify two ways the farmer could increase his annual profit.Answer: Farmer’s annual profit = $0. The farmer could increase his profit by: – Growing more corn – Increasing the price he charges per bushel – Reducing his costs: – Pay off loan or find lower interest rate – Reduce labour costs – Find lower seed costs – Find lower herbicide and pesticide costs – Changing to a more lucrative crop – Find alternative use for the land that offers a better return Worksheet: Metric 8 Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI) 1) A marketer is evaluating two marketing campaigns. It is esti mated that Campaign 1 would generate incremental revenues of $250,000, at an incremental cost of $50,000 and a contribution margin of 30%.Campaign 2 would generate incremental revenues of $50,000, at an incremental cost of $20,000 and a contribution margin of 50%. If the marketer is basing their decision solely on ROMI, which campaign should they go ahead with? Answer: ROMI for Campaign 1 is found by: ROMICampaign1 = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($250,000 * 30% – $50,000) / $50,000 = 50% ROMICampaign2 = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($50,000 * 50% – $20,000) / $20,000 = 25% Therefore the marketer should select Campaign 1. 2) A clothing retailer is considering investing in a newspaper advertising campaign to generate more sales.The campaign is expected to cost $3,000 in creative agency fees and $9,000 in circulation costs, while increasing revenues from $110,000 to $170,000. The retailer’s contribution margin averages 25%. What would be the return on the marketing investment of the newspaper campaign? Answer: Incremental Revenue = $170,000 – $110,000 = $60,000 Marketing Costs = $3,000 + $9,000 = $12,000 ROMI = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($60,000 * 25% – $12,000) / $12,000 = 25% 3) An alternative option for the clothing retailer (in the previous question) is to invest in a direct mail campaign targeting previous customers – only a fraction of the reach of the newspaper campaign .The cost of the direct mail campaign would be $1,000, but would only result in increasing revenues to $150,000. What is the return on marketing investment in this case? Answer: Incremental Revenue = $150,000 – $110,000 = $40,000 ROMI = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($40,000 * 25% – $1,000) / $1,000 = 900% 4) If the clothing retailer (in the previous questions) decides to execute both the newspaper and direct mail campaign what would be the combined return on marketing investment. Answer: Newspaper Incremental Revenue = $60,000 Direct Mail Incremental Revenue = $40,000 Total Incremental Revenue = $60,000 + $40,000 = $100,000 Total Cost = $12,000 + $1,000 = $13,000ROMI = (Incremental Revenue * Contribution Margin – Cost) / Cost = ($100,000 * 25% – $13,000) / $13,000 = 92. 31% 5) Which campaign should the clothing retailer in the previous questions execute for maximum return on marketing investment? If the retailer is more concerned with maximizing revenue growth, should they execute the newspaper campaign, direct mail campaign or both? Why? Answer: a) Direct mail campaign (900% ROMI) as it is significantly greater than the newspaper campaign (25%) and combined execution (92. 31%). b) Execute both as the revenue increase is $100,000; greater than the $60,000 as a result of the newspaper campaign and the $40,000 as a result of the direct mail campaign .