Sunday, March 31, 2019

Effects of suicide bombing on dera ghazi khan criminology essay

Effects of felo-de-se assail on dera ghazi khan criminology shew suicide bombers mud themselves up in order to attack heap or property. They whitethorn attach fickle to their bodies, which permits them to access crowded argonas where placing explosive would otherwise be difficult. separate felo-de-se t coifics involve use vehicles to create dangerous accident or run into buildings. In Pakistan mostly the teen agers take participation in felo-de-se attack in the recent old. As of July 2007, before the Lal Masjid assault, the volunteers for self-martyrdom tended to be young, ranging from 18 to 24 years (Dawn, 2009). The main objective of the pre move weigh is to assess the socio-economic and amiable effect of self-destruction shelling on confederacy. The Universe of mull over impart be comprised of the city argonas of Dera Ghazi Khan. The sample of present study depart comprised of cracking hundred respondents. The data go forth be collected from ii trades u nion councils of city Dera Ghazi Khan that exit be selected through simple random take proficiency. Multistage sampling proficiency will be used. At first stage, dickens union councils will be selected. At the second stage, two dependance/Blocks will be selected through simple random sampling technique and the third stage, 60 respondents (30 from each blocks/colony) will be selected randomly and all(prenominal)where either long hundred respondents will be interviewed. query beam (Questionnaire) will be constructed to get information according to the objectives of the study. To check the accuracy and suitability of research tool, 10 respondents will be pretested. After making worthy corrections, final data will be ga thered. And it will be study by using appropriate statistical techniques (descriptive and inferential). The ends will be presented in the form of M.Sc.Thesis.Need for the projectIslam and felo-de-se bombardmentThe Quran mentions rubbish ( war machine jihad ) in slightly 38 verses. Fourteen of the verses, make glancing reference to contend in the office of Allah (which drive show up mean boththing from defensives military operations to a purely personal struggle to improve spiritual conditions). Seven of the verses pick apart cowardice in scrap. Three verses deal with matinee idols commands to the (ancient) treacle of Israel to fight against oppressors, two verses deal with the subject of those who break treaties, two refer to losings in battle suffered by unbelievers and two concerns the offering of peace. The remaining verses refer multifariously to the account of a battle, an attack on Muslims, the experience of fighting, provisions for battle and fighting during Ramadan (Dewdney, 2003)And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you. But do not transgress limits. Truly Allah loves not the transgressors. (Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2190).What is self-annihilation terrorist movement?Clear operational definitions and well-de fined variables argon challenge to researcher who studies suicide act of act of act of terrorism. Some conference attendees disagreed on which definitions of suicide terrorism to use. Andrew Silke of the University of East capital of the United Kingdom mention that through out history, acts that some might dismiss as crazy or diabolical piss frequently been employed as rational terrorist tactics. Examples include Catos self-inflicted stabbing and Samsons destruction of the temple where he was held. He noted that groups that behave used suicide as a tool include Japanese samurai, English suffragists, IRA hunger-strikers, and Japanese Kamikaze pilots. Silke withal embossed the questions of how we should consider last-stands battles, such as the Spartans at Thermopylae or Ameri fucks at the Alamo. Silkes historical frame work prompted the panel of experts to debate how best to go steady the resistence among suicide and suicidal ( noble-risk) acts. Central to the discussion was decision making whether an act that is considered suicidal contributes seminal live onledge to the under standing of suicide terrorism. In other words, should the definitions of suicide terrorism be limited to actions that result only in suicide of should suicidal acts be included as well (Michael, 2006)?Suicide barrage has barelyly been oculus of tending in recent years. A common perception among public and even scientific community is that suicide bombers are anomalous in some way and must be mentally ill. So for there have been no evidence that batch who perpetrate the suicide bombing are with mental ailment. (Clovard K, 2007). The black and white and simplistic thinking like I am good and right You are bad and wrong are the beliefs which may be fundamental these acts. These beliefs distance hatful from their foes and make it easier for them to despatch the great unwashed with plain little or no sense of compunction or guilt. However these may be over simplification s for a very conglomerate phenomenon. (Merari A, 2007).Suicide bombers blow themselves up in order to attack citizenry or property. They may seize explosive to their bodies, which allows them to approach crowded areas. Other suicide tactics involve using vehicles to create deadly accidents or run into buildings. Suicide bombers in Afghanistan and Iraq have driftn trucks with explosives into buildings to attack them The 9/11 hijacker flew planes into the World address Center and the Pentagon. Suicide attackers know that they will die for their causes, and are therefore believed the most attached of terrorists. However, there is much professional supposition about the motivations and consciousnessset of suicide bombers (Zelman, 2008).several(prenominal) news themes reports and information from news channels suggested that the phenomenon of suicide bombing is new in Pakistan. November 6, 2002 marked the occasion when a lady blow herself in front of news paper office in Karachi, i njuring 6 people. Since the there have been 40 incidents up till now domineering much than 832 lives and injuring about than 1762. There have been constant rise in the incidents since 2006 with its peak in August 2007. NWFP is the most bear upon province followed by federally administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Regarding targets of the credentials personals have been the main target of suicide bombings, followed by other religions sects (Kaplan A, 2007).Psychology of terrorism and especially suicide bombing has careworn so much attention compared to other little terrors to life in recent years. This perception and attitude aspect to suicide bombing of perpetrators is of great interest to favorable scientists as well as psychiatrists and psychologists. Therefore mental explanation of such a behavior could be of interest to galore(postnominal) segments of society. Psycho logical perspectives could explain this extreme behavior of suicide bombing to some extent, though may not b e fully applicable to all cases (Kaplan A, 2007).The curse of terrorism have left negative imprints on the sparing of our coun refine and devastated the socio conditions of our society also. A large number of domestic investors have flown away due the overabundant shadows of suicidal attacks and foreign investors also ward off investing their capital in our rustic. Which is mavin of the main sources that stabilize our preservation? umpteen bread-winners of families have been victimized by this evil currently prevailing in our country. On socio front, the element of uncertainty have created in the minds of mountain while going outside for job or business, no unrivalled knows whether he/she will settle back home or not. (Jones, 2008). mathematical function of study territory Dera Ghazi Khan geographically located in a key position and preferring the role of heart. All provinces (Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtun khwa and Punjab) are connected here. interior(a) trade and soc ial mobility depend on the calm and peaceful environs of this area so the economic consumption of this study will be to foreground perception of common people of the area about the suicide bombing and also the atmosphere of uncertainty in their social and economic life. In this study, research will concentrate on the perception of people and to bear witness that how suicide bombing affects their social and economic life. Most previous studies had rivet on infrstctural loses of suicide bombing and I will try to high light the social economic and psychological effects of suicide bombing according to the perception of common people.OBJECTIVES1. To visualise out the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents.2. To examine the perceptions of people about suicide bombing and its impact on theirSocialization process.3. To find out the perceived impact of suicide bombing on community psychology andEconomy.4. To suggest some possible measures for the reduction of suicide bombin g. follow of literatureSaxton (2002) recommended that the economic woo of terrorism is comparable to a security or terrorism tax due to the extra represent of security. These assorted costs represent a supply side shock to an deliverance and can be very large. For example, in Pakistani Army or security forces clash against terrorist in Wana and Swat and much amount fagged on this war it is burden on the country.Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003) the impacts of terrorism on (GDP) cheat on Domestic Product per capital in our Country a neighbourhood that has been weighed down by terrorism. They make an unreal region that consists of a heavy combination of dissimilar regions of our country that is planned to act as a counterfactual. It is intended to reflect an economic profile of the region before the stir up of terrorism. The author says that if any country faced terrorism and therefore people live difficult life.Palmer (2003) the author explored the general phenomena of terrori sm, in a try to inform understanding of terrorist act. He stresses the need for contextualization of acts to terror, their perpetrators their effects on people and individuals, and attention to the psychology of groups. The author covers a brief history of terrorism organizational requirements of terror groups and process of recruiting personnel to them the the means motives and opportunities terrorist exploit in their work the need for communication with terror groups sacrificial death governmental responses to terrorist acts and fear the mental health. The author proposed that terrorist organizations perform some of the functions of a family that act of terror are propaganda by dead that terrorism more precisely media treatment of it, breeds formless fears which may directly need to the development of fear- found symptoms and illness with in societies. He noted that terrorism is an enterprise from which legion(predicate) players benefits that terrorism has a shadow in counter- terrorism, which may range from benign to malignant and that psychiatry could, in this context, acknowledge its bias towards individual psychology and furbish up its lack of understanding of groups and the behavior of individual within them.Robert (2003) in his bear dying to win the strategic logic of suicide terrorism controverter many widely held beliefs about suicide terrorism. Based on an analysis of every known case of suicide terrorism from 1980s to 2005 (315 attacks are as part 18 campaigns), he concluded that there is little fraternity between suicide terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism, or anyone of the worlds religions Rather, what nearly are suicide terrorist attacks have in common in a detail unconsecrated and strategic goal to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from territory that the terrorist consider to be their homeland. The taproot of suicide terrorism is nationalism he argues it is an extreme scheme for national liberation. Robert work examines group are divers(prenominal) as the Basque ETA to the srilankan Tamil Tigers. Robert also notably provides further evidences to a increase body of literature that finds that the majority of suicide terrorist do not go up from impoverished or uneducated background, but rather have kernel class origins and a significant level of education.Tavares (2003) explained that those who conserve suicide attacks are forced by religious beliefs suggest that the bombers believe that God has sent them on a task. They are motivated mostly by the check out of a happy after life and heavenly reinforcing stimulus and the threat of pretty payback their basis is that by blowing themselves up in a crowd of people, they are making themselves martyrs and forge their own entrance to heaven.Blomberg, Hess and Orphanides (2004) estimated a number of models in a challenge to estimate the economic cost of terrorism. Using panel regressions calculating for country-fixed effects, they find that the living in a society we faces many paradoxs but the terrorism is big threat for our safety and our country. No one knows that if he go to the job and he come back home or not. And with this curse our total economy affected because foreigner investor not comes here for business.Chen and Siems (2004) determine the impact of terrorism on justice index with an occasion study method. Unusual proceeds (deviations of situation-event key ethics from the pre-event average) and increasing irregular takings are the indigent variables and the number of military and terrorist trial is the events. Using abnormal and collective abnormal returns on the Dow Jones Industrial Average equity index, the authors discover that of the eight terrorist incidents.Nitsch and Schumacher (2004). He suggested that phantasmal affrightism is terrorism fragrant by groups or individual, the drive of which is usually fixed in the trust based tents. Terrorist acts during out the centuries have been performed on r eligious basis with the wish to either reach or implement a structure of belief, point of view or judgment. Religious terrorism does not in it self essentially define a specific religious stand point or view, but preferably usually defines an individual or group view or analysis of that belief systems teachings.Piskhiatr and Korsakova (2004) stated that the consequences of terrorist threat and terrorist acts for mental health of the individual, groups of individuals and community in general were analyzed. Mental disorders emerging in the victim of terrorism is described. The problem of terrorist threats use as a psychic weapon is discussed. Tolerance of community to terrorism can be divided into two types that is psycho physiological and socio-psychological. The ways for elevating tolerability to terrorist threat and terrorist acts are suggested. Help in the centers of terrorist acts must be of the complex character, benign provided by different specialists including psychologist s and psychiatrists. The importance of state structures and harbor in this work is emphasized.Abadie and Gardeazabal (2005) examined the impact of terrorism on foreign direct investment (FDI) which, they make up, may be superior to its impact on economic growth. Different other studies, which use also the number of losses or the number of terrorist attacks as their calculate of terrorism, the authors use an index that is based on expert ratings of the drive, company, size, competence, and barrier of terrorism at a country level.PGAP (2005) this pew global survey concerned over Islamic extremism. jibe to pew global survey, nearly three-quarters of Moroccans and roughly one-half of those in Pakistan, joker and Indonesia see Islamic extremism as a threat to their countries. At the said(prenominal) time, most Muslim publics are expressing less support for terrorism then in the past. Confidence in Osama Bin Laden has declined markedly in some countries and fewer believe suicide bombin gs that target civilians are confirm in the defense of Islam has declined significantly, In Turkey Morocco and Indonesia.15% or fewer act now say such actions justifiable. In Pakistan, only one in four now take that view (25%), a sharp cut back from 41% in March 2004.Hronick (2006) stated that in a study conducted by Muhammad Hafez from university of Missouri-Kansas reported that suicide bombing were often conducted by secular organizations to advance political objectives against a stronger, technologically superior enemy. He noted that these organizations often invoke religion to appeal to individuals in order to move them that they are fulfilling a commitment to God. He also explained how what he called the reward of martyrdom might motive an individual to undertake a suicide attacks and cited terrorists in Palestinian society as an example. There, suicide attackers are regarded by some as heroes, with their names given to babies or streets, and their sacrifices promoted by pos ters and surge funerals. Among the purported rewards for a martyr in the afterlife was the ability to intercede with God on behalf of friends and family and redemption for not only the individual, but for the society as well. Also, organizations that sponsor terrorism often bestow money and status on the families of suicide terrorists.Robert and Badar (2006) had explained the rise of suicide bombing since the early 1980s by focusing on the characteristic of suicide bombers, the cultural matrix which they operate, and the strategic calculations the make to maximize their gains. They offered an alternative approach that emphasizes the interaction between Palestinian suicide bombing and Israeli government actions, analyzing the motivations organizational rationales and precipitants for the 138 suicide bombings that took manoeuvre in Israel the west bank and Gaza between October 2000 and July 2005. Using several sources including Arabic newspapers they find that much of the neural im pulse for Palestinian suicide bombing can be explained by his desire to retaliate against Israeli killings of Palestinians and that much of the impetus for Israeli Killings of Palestinians can be explained by the desire to retaliate for suicide bombing. When men are angry they commonly act out of punish and not ambition. Aristotle, politics oppressed people can not perpetually be expected to behave in a reasonable manner.Benmelech and Berrbi (2007) showed that they study the relation between kind capital of suicide bombers and outcomes of their suicide attacks. They argued that human capital is an important factor in the production of terrorism, and that is if terrorist behave rationally we should observe that more able suicide bombers are assigned to more important targets. The empirical analysis suggests that younger and uneducated suicide bombers were world assigned by their terror organization to more important targets. We found that uneducated and younger suicide bombers ar e less likely to depart in their missions, and are more likely to cause increased causalities when they attack.lamella (2007) narrated that understanding suicide bombing entailed studying the phenomenon on three different dimensions the suicide bomber, terrorist organization and the community from which suicide bombing emerge. Political and social psychology allow us to establish the reciprocal relationships that underpin the win over between three dimensions. This method increases our theoretical understandings of suicide bombing by moving away from the UN dimensional models that have previously dominated the terrorism literature.Hassan (2007) Awake till now, it is not possible to decide to what level children are being used for suicide operations in Pakistan and if it was ever a source of income for the TTP (Terikh Tailban Pakistan). Yet, it is known that the phenomenon does s and is also prevalent in nigh Afghanistan. One of the reasons suicide attacks have flourished in the p ast few years is the visible rapprochement between al Qaeda and the Pakistani Taliban. What affects one country will ultimately affect the other, and in the absence of any sign of social and economic development in the most apart(p) districts of the country, Pakistani suicide bombers tend not to be by-products of the madras system the Pakistani society might have to fear the worst regarding its youth.Unama (2007) presented the main findings Unamas extensive inquiry into the phenomenon of suicide attacks in Afghanistan. This study contextualizes suicide attacks in Afghanistan against its point in other theatres, identifying the ways in which suicide attacks in Afghanistan differ from attacks elsewhere. It details available information about the backgrounds of the attackers and sources of support they enjoy, both in Afghanistan and across the border in Pakistan. This report described the human cost borne by its largely civilians victims and identifies several policy implications a s well as mitigating strategies. While suicide attackers elsewhere in the world tend not to be poor and uneducated, Afghanistans attackers appear to be young, uneducated and often drawn from madras across the border in Pakistan. They were also fortunately relatively fumbling at this tactic, managing to kill only themselves in many instances. Suicide assailants in Afghanistan and their supporters seem to be mobilized by a number of grievances. These include a sense of occupation, anger over civilian casualties and affronts to their national, family, and personal senses of honor and high-handedness that are perpetrated in the conduct of counterinsurgency operations. Some attackers are also motivated by religious rewards and duties.Abawi (2008) reported that CNN terrorism analyst motherfucker Bergen said the number of suicide bombings in Pakistan has reached unprecedented levels in the past year. Previously, Bergen says, such attacks were rare. The reason for this rise was because A l Qaeda and the Pakistani Taliban had morphed unneurotic ideologically and tactically, and both see themselves at war with the Pakistani state, Bergen says. Many of the suicide attacks had been aimed at Pakistani politicians, officials and soldiers. Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf had vowed to fight militance and religious extremism, going after Taliban and Al Qaeda within the country, Pakistans embassador to the United States, Muhammad Ali Durrani, Some years ago told CNN that the Pakistani military was exclusively focused in destroying Al Qaeda and the Taliban network and not just one person. Still, the suicide bombers were succeeding targeting political partys rallies military installations and anyone seen as a threat. Meanwhile, civilians were caught in the crossfire. The bombings, he said, must be stopped. I hope that we will succeed and, God willing we will try to stop these crashing(a) cowards, he says. I dont think they are Muslim.Sayre (2009) analyzed the relation ship between Palestinian suicide bombings and economic and political conditions. Labor market conditions can affect the frequency of attacks because when the economy worsens, the opportunity cost of being a terrorist decreases. An alternative explanation is that suicide bombings are responses to changes in the political environment. This paper examined these alternative explanations by estimating court data regression models of the occurrence of Palestinian terrorist attacks from 1993 to 2004. Contrary to the previous literature, this paper found that economic conditions were correlated with suicide terrorism. Specifically, deteriorating local labor market conditions during the al- Aqsa intifada account for nearly half of the increase in suicide bombings during that time.ProcedureThe main objective of methodology is to explain various tools and techniques employed for a data collection, analysis and adaptation of data related to research problem. According to Nachmias and Nachmias (1992) the scientific methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which the claims for knowledge are evaluate.The purpose of the present study is to assess the socio-economic and psychological effect of suicide bombing on community. The Universe of study will be urban areas of District Dera Ghazi Khan. The sample of present study will comprised of 120 respondents. The data will be collected from two union councils of city Dera Ghazi Khan that will be selected through simple random sampling technique. Multistage sampling technique will be used and at first stage, two union councils will be selected. At the second, stage two colonies/Blocks will be selected through simple random sampling technique and the third stage, 60 respondents (30 from each blocks/ colony) will be selected randomly and over all 120 respondents will be interviewed. A research tool (Questionnaire) will be constructed to get information according to the objecti ves of the study and to check the accuracy and suitability of research tool, 10 respondents will be pretested. After making sufficient correction, final data will be gathered.Collected data will be analyzed by using appropriate statistical technique (descriptive and inferential). literary works citedAbadie, A .and Javier G .2003. The economical Costs of Conflict A Case-Control composition forThe Basque Country. American Economic Review 93113-132.Abadie, A. and Javier G.2005. Terrorism and the World Economy. functional Paper HarvardKennedy School of Government, http//ksghome.harvard.edu/aabadie/twe.pdf.Abawi, A.2008. Pakistan bombings reach unprecedented level. CNN. Com edition. 10january, 2008. And population studies Princeton University department of economic scienceRAND stomach NBER work paper no.W12910.Blomberg, S. Brock, Gregory D. Hess and Athanasios O.2004. The MacroeconomicConsequence of Terrorism daybook of Monetary Economics. 51(5). 1007-1032.Benmelech, E. and Berre bi C.2007. Terrorism and mental illness is there a relationship. RandCorporation Labour.Chen, A and Thomas S .2004. The Effects of Terrorism on spheric Capital Markets. EuropeanJournal of Political Economy, 20349-366.Colvard K. 2007. Commentary the psychology of terrorists. BMJ 2002 324 359.Dewdney, AK. 2003. Islam does not support suicide attacks. Physics, 911. Scientific panelInvestigation Nine-Eleven. http//physics911.net/islamnotsuicidal.Dawn. 2007. Into the mind of a suicide bomber. Available on http// www.dawn.com.Suicide Terrorism in Pakistan. /2007/07/21/local17.htmGill, P. 2007. A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Suicide bombardment. International journal of engagement and violence, 1 (2) 142-159Hronick, S. Micheal. 2006. Analyzing terror Researchers study the perpetrators and the effect of suicide terrorism.NIJ journal, (254)1-7. Onlinewww.suicideattack.com/palestineattach.htmlJones, J. W. 2008. Blood that cries out from the earth The psychology of religiousTerrorism New York, NY Oxford University Press.Kaplan A.2007. The psychodynamics of terrorism. In black lovage Y, Gleason J editors. Behavioraland quantitative perspectives on terrorism. New York Pergamum Press 1981 p.35-50.Michael, S.H. 2006. Analyzing Terror Researchers study the perpetrators and the affect ofSuicide Terrorism. National Institute of justice. NO.254. International centre of theNational institute of justice Noorani, T.2008. Root causes of terrorism. AssociatedPress of Pakistan.Merari A. 2007. The readiness to kill and die Suicidal terrorism in the Middle East. In Reich Weditor. Origins of terrorism Psychologies, ideologies, theologies and states of mind.Cambridge University Press 1990 118-24.Nitsch, V and Dieter S .2004. Terrorism and International Trade An Empirical InvestigationEuropean Journal of Political Economy. 20 423-433.Nachmias, C.F. and D. Nachmias. 1992. Research methods in the social sciences.Published by Edwards Arnold. A division of Hodder and Stoughton. London.Pa lmer, Ian. 2003. Terrorism, Suicide Bombing fear and mental health. International Review ofPsychiatry, 19 (3)289-296 pew Global Attitude project, (2005). A project of the pew research center. Islamic extremismCommon concern for Muslim and attitude survey ww.pewglobal.org/Research(NBER)NBER working paper now 12910.Psikhiatr, Zh. Nevrol and Koraskaova, S.S. 2004. Terrorism and mental health (problems scale,Population Tolerance, charge of care). Article in Russia 104 (6) 4-8.Russian.PMID15285627 Pub med -indexed for MEDLINERobert J., B. and Badar, Araj. 2006. Suicide bombing as strategy and interaction The case of theSecond Intifada. Social Forces, 84 (4)1969-1986. ISSN 0037-7732Robert, 2003. The strategic logic of suicide Terrorism. American political science Review,97(3) 1-19.Hassan,S.S.2007. Recruiting Taliban child soldiers. BBC News. 12 June.http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6731389.stmSayre and Edward A, 2009. Labor Market conditions political events and PalestinianSuicide Bom bing Peace Economics. Peace science and Public Policy 15 (1)http//www. Bepress.com/peps/vo115/iss1/1 www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt.Saxton, J.2002. The Economic Costs of Terrorism Joint Economic Committee U.S.Congress. May .Available from http//www.house.gov/jec/terrorism/costs.pdf.Tavares J .2003. The Open Society Assesses Its Enemies Shocks, Disasters and TerroristAttacks wide-awake for the Carnegie-Rochester Conference on Public Policy, Nov. 21-22,2003.UNAMA. 2007. Suicide attacks in Afghanistan (2001-2007) United Nations assistant MissionKabul, Afghanistan. 09-09-2007.Zalman, A.2008. Suicide Bomber. Terrorism issue. About, Inc., A part of the New York measure Company http. About.com/od/tacticand weapons/g/SuicideBomber.htm.

Blood-brain Barrier and the Sodium-potassium Pump

Blood- oral sex Barrier and the atomic number 11- kB PumpJocelyn Brown-EatonThe blood- witticism breastwork and the sodium- super acid stock ticker direct many similarities and distinctions. Similarities include the f make for that they both function to notice a balance and that they both atomic number 18 selectively porous. Differences includes the way the mechanisms decl be out those functions and what kind of balance they maintain. The blood-brain barrier is a mechanism that isolates the exchange nervous system neurons from chemicals coming from the rest of the embody. It is made up of the walls of brain capillaries that are tightly joined to agitateher, other capillaries in the rest of the body do not align themselves so close to viewher and they do allow chemicals to pass from the blood into the champaigns of the body they are flowing through. In contrast, the sodium- super acid pump is a protein in the membrane of cells that helps maintains the difference of electri cal charges within and out of the cell, keeping the cell polarized along with the difference in permeableness of sodium and potassium within the rest of the membrane (Khan Academy 2010). The resting electromotive force is maintained before an action potential drop arrives and then(prenominal) is restored when the action potential is over. Comparatively they are both maintaining balances. The blood-brain barrier is balancing chemicals and protecting the brain neurons from harmful substances since these neurons do not regenerate, but the sodium-potassium pump is keeping an noggin balance. Selective permeability is also a similarity of the two mechanisms. The blood-brain barrier is only a barrier for water soluble molecules and selectively allows lipoid soluble molecules to pass, while the sodium-potassium pump only deals with sodium and potassium. The sodium-potassium pump directs in two potassium ions for every three sodium ions it pushes out. Transporter proteins look into the movement of these substances. The difference is that with the blood-brain barrier there is a separate protein that actively transport the selected chemicals, while the sodium-potassium pump is a protein in itself. There are areas of the blood-brain barrier that are to a greater extent permeable than the rest in station to allow the function of those specific parts of the brain. One such area is the area postrema. The area postrema detects toxins in the body and initiates vomiting.Khan Academy. (2010). Correction to Sodium and Potassium Pump Video. Online Video. 11 July 2010. Available from https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye3rTjLCvAU. Accessed 25 February 2017Before an action potential arrives, there is a balance betwixt the extracellular fluid (on the outside of the cell) and the intracellular fluid (on the inside of the cell). This difference in the electrical charge is called the membrane potential. The membrane potential is created by diffusion of ions and electrostatic squ eeze. Diffusion refers to the process of molecules evenly distributing themselves. Molecules push past from areas that they are more than concentrated in. Electrostatic pressure is the force that comes from the love or repulsion of ions. Positive charges repel other positive charges, ban charges repel other negative charges, and positive charges attract negative charges. The ions confused in these forces are organic anions, potassium ions, chloride ions, and sodium ions. Organic anions (A-) are negatively charged and found in intracellular fluid. These ions remain in the intracellular fluid because the membrane is impermeable to them. Potassium ions (K+) are positively charged. They chastise to get out of the membrane because of diffusion, there is a high concentration of them inside than out. Electrostatic pressure, however, pushes plump for against them because extracellular fluid is more positively charged inevitably keeping the ions where they were. Chloride ions (Cl-) a re negatively charged. They try to get into the membrane due to diffusion but electrostatic pressure keeps them where they are as well. Sodium ions (Na+) are positively charged and get pushed into the membrane due to diffusion. Unlike the other ions sodium is not pushed back by electrostatic pressure. Instead, they are attracted in because the intracellular charge is more negative. The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain the resting potential, which is on average -70 mV. The sodium-potassium pump trades three sodium ions to the outside of the cell for two potassium ions to bring into the cell. During an action potential, a signal is sent to the membrane the membrane to become more permeable to sodium ions increasing the intracellular charge. The membrane potential reaches its threshold and a depolarization spike occurs. Depolarization is when the internal polarization of the cell increases when it gets impending to zero. Voltage dependent sodium arguments, triggered by the depola rization, open allowing sodium to immortalize at a faster rate. At a higher aim of depolarization voltage dependent potassium channels open and potassium flows away from the more positively charged interior. Voltage dependent potassium channels are less sensitive than the sodium channels are. future(a) sodium channels close and go into a refractory state, preventing them from disruption again until the resting potential is restored. The cell goes through hyperpolarization, where the intracellular charge drops in order to get back to normal. When hyperpolarization goes lower than the resting potential it is called the undershoot. When the undershoot is reached it signals the potassium channels to close and resting potential is closer to normal. After that all passes the sodium potassium pumps slowly help the resting potential return and everything is back to its pilot light state.Neurotransmitters open ion channels in two ways, directly and indirectly. Directly commencement the ion channels occur when there are ionotropic receptors. When a neurotransmitter binds to an ionotropic receptor the ion channel immediately opens and let ions flow freely through. With metabotropic receptors, when a neurotransmitter binds to its binding post it starts a chain of chemical events (Carlson and Birkett, 2017). These chemical events involve the G protein being activated, which in turn activates the second messenger system. The second messenger travels to the close ion channel and signals it to open. Metabotropic receptors got their name because they require extra steps that uses up virtually of the cells metabolic energy. The important differences between ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors are the speed of effect and the duration of effect after their activation. Ionotropic receptors are faster because when a neurotransmitter binds to it the ion channel is capable immediately and triggers a postsynaptic potential. The whole process happens very quickl y. Metabotropic receptors are slow-moving because the signal to the ion channel is transferred between a sequence of different molecules to get to the ion channel and activate it. This process causes a delay in effect, they take longer to begin but they also last longer. Serotonin has both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. All but one receptor, the 5-HT3 receptor, are metabotropic. The 5-HT3 receptor is ionotropic and it controls a chloride ion channel, thusly producing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. This receptor plays a role in nausea and vomiting. Because ionotropic receptors act quickly, if the receptor is bound to by an agonist, which would open the ion channel, it would induce vomiting or nausea right away. An example of this would be when a person smells something shitty and immediately feels nausea. Antagonists of this receptor are used to treat the side effect of chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Serotonin is used for mood regulation, and that happens in t he metabotropic receptors. This means that the personal effects take longer but will last longer. If this happened rapidly then there would be no transitions between our moods. It allows the drugs for mood regulation (like SSRIs) to have compound effects and build up in our system by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin.Carlson, N. R., Birkett, M. A., (2017). Physiology of Behavior, 12th Edition. BryteWave. Retrieved from https//shelf.brytewave.com//books/9780134517858/

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Reflective Essay on the US Healthcare System

brooding Essay on the US wellnessc ar SystemWhat is right with the U.S. health shell out SystemMarina BukhrashviliThe republical strategy presented in The Affordable business organisation Act (ACA) seeks to fund prevention and public wellness. This is an important goal in our nations health care system. Prevention services, which include wellness, research, health screening, educational campaigns for intervention benefits and immunisation programs, may have a appointed effect on decreasing health care costs.To me, this head start needed fund, also known as the Prevention and Public health entrepot (PPHF), is very important since as I am planning a career path that involves public health and the health of the community. Seventy-six portion of the U.S. health care expenditure are spent on treating preventable chronic diseases (The Hasting Center, 2010). By law, the Prevention Public Health pedigree moldiness be used to provide for expanded and sustained national invest ing in prevention and public health programs to improve health and befriend restrain the rate of growth in private and public health care costs. (the Statesn Public Health Association, 2010).I work in a skilled nursing facility which provides smashing rehabilitation services to an senior population fol small(a)ing hospitalization. During an intake interview last winter, I asked an 82 year old female approximately her immunization history and she report that she never took a grippe shot in her life. And she doesnt mark ever taking any type of vaccinations. She said that she was afraid that a vaccination would infect her and make her sick and that her sister got sick from the flu vaccine. It has been my experience that a great majority of our patients receive important immunizations for the first time during their stay at our facility. This finding is in line with research that shows that less than 50 percent of adults age 65 age or older were up-to-date with immunizations reg ardless of continual instructups (Department of Human Health serve, 2010). This is the font even though these services are paid for by close to all insurance plans, including Medicare and Medicaid, according to the U.S. condom Services Task rend (USPSTF) (2011). Based on this experience, I feel that the PPHF maybe providing the necessary resources to instigate the health of communities and contain health care costs that would arise from treating acute infections.Even though grippe and pneumonia are the fifth major causes of deaths in the country (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013), the immunization rates are nonoperational moderate. Despite all efforts to control health care across, racial, gender and age, the differences in influenza coverage persist. As the focus of health care shifts from post-diagnostic treatment to preventive medicine, making immunizations a part of every persons health care plan is an essential first step in achieving this goal.Doctors offices that treat adult population seem to be a thoroughly choice for promoting vaccination but this strategy is not effective in increasing immunization rates for adults since most physicians have busy practices which mainly focus on treating acute illness versus seeing healthy patients for preventive medicine. In addition, according to Agency for health care Research and Quality (2009), the tip causes for low immunization rates in the last few years were the high cost of screening, insufficient funds to cover the co-payment or deductibles lack of knowledge of what health insurance would cover and lack of health insurance. In addition, many older adults may not have a regular doctor or do not go for a check up on a regular basis. The prohibitive cost was intercommunicate for Medicare beneficiaries by the ACA (2010) to some extent, which broadens the Medicare coverage for preventive services suggested by the USPSTF and eliminates due costs. There is no payment for influenza, pneumococcal and hepatitis B vaccines (Cassidy 2010).Although compliance with influenza vaccination has increased dramatically after Medicare began paying for influenza vaccines for the nations older and disabled population and after health unsnarl in 2010, the proportion of older persons receiving this vaccine is still considerably low in elderly populations (CDC, 2013). According to the research (Eurich et al., 2008) some patients benefited from receiving influenza vaccination before they were hospitalized for pneumonia.As a result of passage of Affordable disquiet Act, most health insurance now covers co-payments for recommended clinical preventive services, which reduces fiscal cost to beneficiaries, however, the challenge remains to make older adults aware of the apprise of preventive services and encourage them to get the services they need. All efforts should be made to expand awareness in the community about clinical preventive services and benefits. . Nurses could send r eminders to the health care providers to notify patients when the vaccinations are due. Such reminders could be issued on seasonal basis to educate patients about importance about vaccinations during patient encounters such as the registration interview. educational Seminars can be conducted across various community centers before immunization season begins. Interactions focusing on different ethnic groups may dish up to find and address their misconceptions about immunizations, if there are any. Nurses will institute a key part in the fulfillment of the mandate of ACA and their expending scope of practice is already shaping the future of healthcare.ReferencesAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality. National Healthcare DisparitiesReport 2008. Rockville, MD U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agencyfor Healthcare Research and Quality 2009.Available at www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhdr08/nhdr08.pdfAmerican Public Health Association (2010). Prevention of Public Health Fund.Availabl e at www.apha.org/advocacy/Health+Reform/PH+Fund/Cassidy 2010 Cassidy A., Health Affairs and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. HealthPolicy Brief Preventive Services Without Cost Sharing, Health Affairs, December 28,2010. Available atwww.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=37Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The State of Aging and Health in America 2013.Atlanta, GA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and HumanServices 2013.Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020, Older pornographicSection, December 2010. Available atwww.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=31Eurich, D. C., Marrie, T. J., J, J., M, S. R. (2008). Mortality reduction with grippe vaccinein patients with Pneumonia outside flu season. American Journal of respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 178, 527-533The Hasting Center. Health Care Cost Monitor. Projected cost of ChronicDiseases, January 22, 2010. Available atht tp//healthcarecostmonitor.thehastingscenter.org/kimberlyswartz/projected-costs-of-chronic-diseases/The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Section 4002 Prevention andPublic Health Fund. 111th Congress. Enacted March 23, 2010. Available athttp//housedocs.house.gov/energycommerce/ppacacon.pdfU.S. Preventive Services Task Force. USPSTF A and B Recommendations.Available at www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsabrecs.htm

Friday, March 29, 2019

Applications of Counselling Psychology

Applications of hash out PsychologyCase Study D Psychodynamic FormulationPete is a 34 year old male, self-referred to therapy due to his recently developed headache of dogs that is disrupting his start and social life story. He also feels distressed by his recent detachment from his partner Sarah, which he attributes to job promotions and extra work responsibilities. Pete appears to be go by large amounts of alcohol on a daily basis and has run short solitary in an blast to manage his tonuss of low mood, hopelessness and business concern. found on developmental theories (Freud 1905, Erikson 1950, Bowlby,1969), search suggests thats one-on-ones are deeply influenced by physical and emotional experiences, as well as the emotional aureole they are exposed to in archaeozoic life (Kegerreis, 2010). Consequently, the most expert orientation to help explain and overcome Petes obstacles would be from a psychodynamic approach. This is a suitable orientation for this client as it addresses the last(prenominal) influences on Petes current charges and anxieties.Further background information, reveals Pete is the youngest of two siblings and has never suffered from phobic episodes or holds history of all previous mental instability. Importantly, Pete rec totallys parental tautness and strife by means ofout his puerility up until his parents split upd when he was fourth-year 11 and also expresses a divide between himself and his father caused by family tension, which is still relevant today (See Kalmijn, 2013). Most significantly, Pete recalls a particular stock from his childhood in which he spent a uncomfortable pass at his fathers home and only gained comfort through sp dyinging time with his fathers Alsatian dog.Based on the underlying influence of past events throughout Petes childhood, the preferred psychotherapeutic orientation for this clients clinical formulation would be found on a psychodynamic theoretical perspective. This psychodynam ic formulation acknowledges that it is through predisposing factors that Pete may be experiencing an underlying unconscious fear of relationship breakdown. A fear that is precipitated by two conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings that stem from his childhood and are change magnitude levels of anxieties regarding his relationship breakdown with wife Sarah. It is reasonable to presume that the current untune between himself and his wife, thought to be caused by extra work responsibilities, has resurfaced these childhood memories consequently triggering his new found phobia of dogs. As this is a completely new phobia it can be suggested that it is actually a displaced fear establish on experiences within his past and further perpetuated by memories of his parents failed relationship.Freud (1915) believed that all human behaviour has a significant meaningful and motivated employment in which anxieties and fears are very often connected with a combine of hidden feelings fr om the past. Often these feelings from childhood become repressed and proceed to demonstrate themselves as other negative symptoms in adulthood. Seemingly obscure behaviours, much(prenominal) as Petes recently developed fear of dogs, can attempt to be explained by unconscious motivations from which hidden meanings can be see and it is reasonable to presume that the initial fear of which Pete has sort help for was triggered by feelings of anxiety and stress brought on by his increased employability responsibility and the relate this had on his current martial relationship. However, Petes fear of dogs is not the spark advance concern and there appears to be one central pervasive cope underlying the current problems in Petes life which can be traced back through his personal history. Reinforced through the use of Malans (1995) Triangle of persons as a means of relating transferralence matters between leaf node and therapist, it can be observed that Pete possesses a main underly ing fear of relationship breakdown which has manifested itself as a displaced fear of dogs, subsequently based on Petes childhood memories, lack of relationship with his father and feeling towards him as the main antagonist in his parents failed relationship.Supported by research (Cui Fincham, 2010), it appears that Pete is predisposed to possess such fears due to influential events in his childhood, mainly the breakdown of his parents relationship and the tensions and conflicts this created as a result, further reinforced by his mothers recalled negative view that marriages never work.. they just end in hurt. In an unconscious attempt to resolve these problems and tranquilize symptoms of anxiety Pete has begun utilising the consumption of alcohol in an attempt to remain in control over his life. However this behaviour is in fact maintaining and reinforcing Petes problemsand a basic principle of the Psychodynamic model proposes that internal unresolved conflicts derived from earl y childhood development tend to repeat themselves in adult relationships if not resolved. These maladaptive behaviours are further perpetuating his current problems and increasing Petes fear and belief that this relationship breakdown is out of his control and the past leave behind indefinitely repeat itself.As based on the rationale that an individuals behaviours and cognitions are influenced by unconscious thought processes and emotions from within the clients past , it is suggested that analytic thinking would be the most beneficial treatment. The classical technique of psychoanalysis is based on conflict theory (Erikson 1950) and places emphasis on both the past and present with the aim of making the unconscious conscious. It is also widely renowned for its ability to help clients develop insight into the cause of implanted problems that stem from childhood through the exploration and clarification of the clients expressed thoughts and feelings (Compton, 1990).In this autho rity Pete is encouraged to engage in free association and express any thoughts that arise during the session. This allows the therapist to try and reveal the unconscious thoughts and memories possessed by the Pete, in order to make sense of the origins of the problem Throughout the sessions Pete will also be encouraged to engage in transference and transfer feelings he has towards important people in his life, such as his parents onto the therapist as a means of understanding the influential relationships within his life (Freud, 1914). In order to represent the interactions between these elements diagrams shown in Figure 1 an 2 (See Appendices) will be utilised (Malan, 1979,1995). It is generally proposed that Pete would attend or so 4 sessions a week in order to provide a setting to explore these unconscious patterns, and try to make sense of them whole concentrated on the achievement of a cathartic experience through analysis.AppendicesFigure 1. Triangle of Persons (Malan, 1995) Figure2. Triangle of Conflict (Malan, 1979)ReferencesAuld, F., Hyman, M. (1991). Resolution of inner conflict An introduction to psychoanalytic therapy. Washington, DC American Psychological Association.Bowlby J. (1969).Attachment. Attachment and leaving Vol. 1. Loss. invigorated York Basic Books.Compton, A. (1990). Psychoanalytic process. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 59, 585-598.Cui, M., Fincham, F. D. (2010). The differential effects of parental divorce and marital conflict on young adult romantic relationships.Personal Relationships,17(3), 331-343.Erikson, E. H. (1950).Childhood and Society. New York Norton.Freud, S. (1914), Repeating, Remembering and Working Through, Standard Edition, 12147-56.Freud, S. (1905).Three essays on the theory of sexuality. Se, 7.Freud, S. (1984a).The unconscious. In A. Richards (Ed.),The Pelican Freud library Vol. 11. On metapsychology The theory of psychoanalysis (pp. 159222). Harmondsworth Penguin. (Original work published 1915)Kalmijn, M. (2013). long effects of divorce on parentchild relationships Within-family comparisons of fathers and mothers.European sociological review,29(5), 888-898.Kegerreis, S. (2010).Psychodynamic talk over with Children and Young People An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan.Malan, D. H. (1979).Individual psychotherapy and the skill of psychodynamics. London Butterworths.Malan,D. H(1995).Individual psychotherapy and the science of psychodynamics(2nd ed). OxfordButterworth-Heinemann.

Impact of Language Software on Language Learning

Impact of linguistic communication Softw ar on Language LearningChapter adeptIntroductionOverviewIn todays hu universe beings, employ Information and Communication engineering (ICT) and its influence on miscellaneous aspects of human life, cave in ca subprogramd great development on in golf club and human relations, which is referred to as the education transmutation. The increasing development of Information Technology (IT) in human life particularly in upbringingal surround and the its expend of it have led to a invigorated era in human life that chiffonier be c every last(predicate)ed the intelligence communityE1. Living in such(prenominal)(prenominal) a society that is progressing every day requires plenty who canto alter themselves with such progression. The starting signal step in this regard is the issue of how to shamble optimal use of ICT industrys in general education programme.Because of the arrival of applied science in human life, all individuals, i nstitutions and systems in countries should be prep bed for a variety of changes that argon vital to progression. To be specific in education, it is non more than or sowhat decades which Educational Technology (ET) started to appear in educational system around the world. at present neither students nor instructors can be regarded as the traditional ones who had simple facilities avail equal to(p). According to Thorne and Reinhardt (2008), emerging literacies associated with digital media are extremely relevant to their circulating(prenominal) and future lives as spoken nomenclature users (p. 560). Before considering the application of ET with its new concept, instructors and t from each oneers supplied audiovisual products to improve the result of their initiateing and swindleing existents in education. However, recent developments in the computer industry and information, multi-media, communication technologies and theE2 emergence of topical anesthetic and regional information networks especially the internet put new methods and tools for designers, managers, executives, and programme trainers.Plenty of technologies and tools in find outing and tenet process such as educational package, Personal Data Assistance (PDA), mobile and etc. requires the instructors to lead their learners toward utilise applied science in their life at least their education.According to Bruce and Hogan (1998), As technologies embed themselves in everyday discourse and activity, a curious intimacy happens. The more we look, the more they slip into the background. Despite our attention, we lose sight of the bearing they shape our daily lives (p. 270).As technology becomes the normal and expected meaning of communication and education, Bruce and Hogan (1998) point out, important changes occur in expectations virtually the abilities students have to acquire to be successful wording users. The interaction betwixt instructors and learners should be so close in order to get a genuine and reasonable result. The more teachers update and are familiar with new technologies in teaching, the more knowledgeable and update students will be. In general, the influence of new information technologies in educational institutions (from enlightens to higher education) and even homes has changed the relationship between student and teacher. Thus, traditional instruction paradigms are changed and users are faced with big amounts of information and knowledge.Computer-Assisted Language Learning ( skirt)It is obvious that in these days everybody, especially school and university students, tends to use computer in their daily activities specially magnification of gratify in using computers for phrase teaching and learning which is an interest of two linguistic process instructors and address learners. The development of plow brought about a revolution in teaching process, as the teaching tools offered through CALL were gradually becoming more reliable. Today CALL has popularity in education specially in learning a foreign linguistic communication so that limitinology learners support it and use it as an essential part of their quarrel learning process. However, employing CALL in teaching and learning has some weaknesses.Nowadays both side of meat talking to teachers and side of meat learners are tend to practice computer in their methods especially its very important for side instructors to use CALL because English course book of secondary school changed from the current educational year that CALL is one of important part of it. Schools and their school districts would benefit from a the current program that assesses the English teachers use of technology and readiness for use of technology in their classroom, as well as their ability to utilize technology in an engaging and meaningful itinerary for the English learners specific to their content area. One such example is the teacher Education and Technology Pl anning Guide created by Learning layover Associates in November of 2004. It looks at eight key categories for the implementation of technology by pre-service teachers and colleges of education (Fulton, Glenn Valdez, 2004).Statement of the problemInformatics and computer-establish communication have created a collection that originated arevolution thatis based on information industry a revolution that itswhose focus is on accessing information, that is, searching and retrieval of information in restrict time with a reasonable cost. Ultimately, it results in creating global village and the information society.In this regard, a link up terminology Information Technology (IT)would be mentioned that is a key point in the revolution. According to Wikipedia, free encyclopedia, IT is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, circularize and circumvent data, often in the context of a business or different enterprise. As its name indicates, in su ch society each organization and its staffs should be inform of what are firing on in the world around and should possess the technology and be able to apply it to get such information. To remain in such society, change is essential, so as a result every organization changed. Education in general and teaching English in particular is one of the some fields thathas been affected by IT and changed.At present, any society ask educated people who have the power of decision-making, people who should be able to act and communicate based on their abilities in a world of widely changing. It representation knowledgeable people who are flexible and can adopt themselves to any conditions in their job that are dealing with IT. In addition, each society submits teachers who are able to apply technology in their classes.Regarding to development of technology in human life and mans move toward technology, teachers deprivation to adapt themselves with technology, too.To get a favorable and a cceptable result of instruction at the end of semesters, English teachers need to update themselves by using CALL. The goal of all language teachers is to teach their students in a way that the students acquire language component and language skills. For vocabulary learning, teachers have applied and employed so many a(prenominal) methods and ways such as memorizing long lists of manner of speaking, translating texts, making sentences with new spoken communication, and so many other ways that are known for the experts in language teaching.In Iran, English teachers have been trying several methods to teach their students English still despite great effort in teaching, they probably have non achieved success.Nowadays there are great amounts of high school students and even university students who can non use English even a simple introduction while they erstwhile(prenominal) at least seven years of English instruction in guidance and high school.English language teaching exper ts have distinguishable beliefs about it. One of the main problems may be if for the purpose of the books that are not communicative based. E3In both guidance schools and high schools, English teachers require the students to con long list of vocabulary that were at the end of each lessons. Although the enounces were retained, it was not last for long time. The other main reason may be is its way of teaching grammar. English teachers teach grammar like mathematics. It means jump-year they wrote a formula on the board and then wrote some examples and wanted the students to do following examples that were on their books. Usually the grammar applied on the lesson reading text but it was not clear enough to hurl the students understand. There were so many problems that the bottom line was failing to learn English language well.After some years of graduating their high school and nowadays during the school, the students who are poor in learning English language referred to Englis h language institutes to start to learn it better and also in a new method. Experience has shown that the students who participate in English institutes learn and apply English better than those who do not participate in such classes. Unlike schools, the way of teaching English in English institutes are totally different. First, the book which are taught in English institutes are completely different from school. Although there are different physical bodys of books, all of them are designed with the aim of communication and all of them are following aforementioned(prenominal) goal.The books which are using in English institutes are include felicitous House, Happy writing, Potato pals, Pocketsand some others for kids and beginning in starter aims.Lets go, First friend, Family and friends which are usually forjunior levels and intermediate levels.Interchange, Touchstone, Top notch, Summit, American English file and English resultthatis usually for senior levels adult learning. It should be mentionthat all of the series have different stages.Regardless of the variety of books, in English institutes students are expected to be able to communicate at the end of each semester correspond to the level of the related book.The remarkable thing in such book is that these books have given considerable attention on learning course with different ways and in some casesfor better pinch of a word, presents a word with its pictures. In all kinds of books, they use kind of CALL. In most of the books, especially for kids, the newspaper publisher provides additional parcel according to the book for better understand of the contents. For kids, it provides some moving pictures and famous survey characters to teach them English alphabet or some simple words like dog, cat, ant etc. For junior, intermediate, upper intermediate and senior levels the publisher usually provide demo of the book and additional tests. Even some publishers enlist some English parcel and attach the computer computer software to the book. These publishersmight be believe that such technology is more attractive for language learners and it helper to sell their product more.Recently, English teachers have tried to incorporate technology and the old methods of teaching English that have taught in schools, which usually was based on grammar translation method (GTM). As the researcher is going to do his research on vocabulary learning aspect of English language, he has tried to search for some software and CALL programs that their focus is on vocabulary.One of the most important parts of language learning and language usage is vocabulary and the ability of using it. English teachers have used so many different ways to teach vocabulary to English learners but they were not much success. Nowadays English teachers usemany English software to teach vocabulary, learning vocabulary in learners is better than far past but seemingly they have not achieved as success as they expected. The y use some software like Oxford outline Dictionary (OPD), Longman Children Picture dictionary,Nosrat English language teaching, demo of some English books and such software that contains language components specially vocabulary learning.Some of such English software were obedient at the beginning and attracted learners satisfaction even sometimes learners theme it was the best software that they could use but it did not last. One of the most important reasons is because the method they (English software) worked onis not like learners real life. Foreign language learners need to learn a newlanguage as much as their first language, which refers to acquiring it rather than learning. It means to teach vocabulary to English language learners so that they internalize in their mind and they could apply it. English language learners need to learn English the same way they leant their first language it means they should be completely surrounded by the language they are going to learn not see a translation of words or instructing. In other words, they should be in a earthy immersion of language.With regard to above mentioned characteristics of teaching a language, the researcher chose occupy an English software that does not have the above mentioned problems. This learn is going to examine teaching vocabulary through the Rosetta rock-and-roll English software. due to above mentioned problems of Iranian EFL learners on vocabulary learning, the researcher is going to turn out some words and sentences by related pictures. It is considered that the learners can mix both their auditory and visual sense in their mind so that the word would be learned. Other features of this software will explain in detail in following chapters.This research intends to investigate the mend of Rosetta match English software vocabulary learning in a way that the learnt material be last for long time like everybodys first language.Significance of the studyThe domain of CALL in Iran is in need of moreresearch. To the researchers best knowledge, studiesabout computer-based instruction in Iran are not somanyespecially for research through English language learning software.In addition, there is not any research through Rosetta Stone English software at all and this is the first research in this field using this software.In Mazandaran, Mahmoudabad, it is the first time that a CALL research is going to be through with(p) on English language learners so it is novel in this major. A few studies about using podcast and the use of CALLinteaching listening and grammar toIranian EFL learners have beenconducted. It is anticipate that this study encourages English language teachers to use computers in languagelearning in general, and in learning English vocabularyin particular. This study also attempts to bridge the gapbetween the theoretical and hardheaded sides of usingCALL in teaching vocabulary.Therefore, the findings of this study may befunctional for different catego ries of people it mayhelp EFL curriculum designers and EFL methodologists develop teaching materials that suit various ways ofteaching and match students level of achievement inEnglish language in general and in vocabulary in particular. The finding of this research can be helpful for English language teachers whose students have problem with learning vocabulary and are bored by learning English vocabulary in traditional ways. Moreover, this study may helpEnglish teachersby facilitating their role as well as students byhelping them absorb and apply Englishvocabulary itemsquite slowly and smoothly. There are many English learners who are looking for good English software that couldlearn English by themselves conducting this research makes familiar the people with this software and its abilities.Even some English teachers do not know such software it is hope that reading this thesis will familiarize them with the software.Finally, this study mayencourage other researchers to conduct further studieson the same topic, or maybe on other skills or sub skills of English, which will enrich both the topical anaesthetic andinternational literature.Research question and hypothesisThis study is going to answer these questionsDoes Rosetta Stone English software have any statistically significant feign on Iranian EFL learners vocabulary learning?Does Rosetta Stone English software have any statistically significant impact on Iranian EFL learners delayE4 recall?This study will focus on the following trifling hypothesesRosetta Stone English software has no statistically significant impact on Iranian EFL learners vocabulary learning.Rosetta Stone English software has no statistically significant impact on Iranian EFL learners long-term E5recall of vocabulary items.Definition of key termsComputer-assisted language learning (CALL) It is succinctly delimitate in a seminal work by Levy (1997) as the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning. CALL embraces a wide range of Information and communications technology applications and approaches to teaching and learning foreign languages, from the traditional drill-and-practice programs that characterized CALL in the 1960s and seventies to more recent manifestations of CALL. Here by CALL it means using some software and CDs that learners use to strengthen their vocabulary skill and sometimes using some software such as English Rosetta Stone for practicing English vocabularies.Rosetta Stone English software It is proprietary CALL software published by Rosetta Stone Inc. The software uses images, text, sound, and video to teach words and grammar by spaced repetition, without translation. Rosetta Stone calls their approach Dynamic Immersion (a term which they have trademarked).Information and Communication Technology (ICT) It is often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communicatio ns and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and tuner signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.In this study by ICT it means the ways and activities that are related to language learning and activities that learners can do by ICT as their language learning processes.Educational Technology (ET) According to Richards and Schmidt (2010), it is 1. The use of machines and educational equipment of different stores (e.g. language and labrotaries, tape recorder, video, etc.) to assist teachers and learners. 2. A system of instruction which contains (a) an abbreviation of what learners need to know and be able to do (b) a commentary of these needs as behavioral objectives.According to Richey (2008), sometimes termed EdTech, is the study and respectable practice of facilitating e-learning, which is the learning and improving perfor mance by creating, using and managing purloin technological processes and resources.Delimitations of the studyThis study has the following limitationsThis study limits its scope on start intermediate institutes vocabulary learning. Therefore, other skills and sub skills are not concern of this study.This study will be done on Mahmoudabad lower intermediate institutes learners with their own ecological and cultural characteristics, so learners in other cities and provinces with different levels are not included.This research will study on both genders, so others researchers can limits their study on just one gender.E1Source?E2As you see in this page, you need a thorough proofreading of your thesis. I did it sole(prenominal) for page 1. You continue with the rest.E3rewriteE4does not match hypothesis 2E5 does not match question 2

Thursday, March 28, 2019

A Comparison of Healthcare in Canada and the United States Essay

Canadas health fretting system started in 1946 and is made up of a theme of socialized health insurance plans that contributes coverage to all Canadian citizens. It is publicly funded and administered on a provincial or territorial basis with in the rules set by their federal official government. Since the late 1960s Canada essential has had a universal health insurance system covering all go provided by physicians and hospitals. In 1966 Lester B Pearsons government subsequently grow a policy of the universal healthc be with the medical care act. Canadas healthcare system is the subject of political controversy and debate in the country. While healthcare in America began in the late 1800s yet was truly born in 1929 when Justin Kimball introduced low cost healthcare to teachers in Dallas. Healthcare in the US is mostly privately funded but we do have a few publicly funded entities, such as Medicare and Medicaid.By 1971, all Canadians were guaranteed access important medic al services irrespective of income, employment, or health. Canada has 1 of the highest life expectancies and he lowest infant mortality rates of industrialized countries, which many attribute to Canadas health care system. In 1984, the Canada Health Act was passed. This act added provisions that prohibited scanty billing and user fees for covered services. To support the ten year plan, the federal government increased health care to the Canada Health Transfer from 2006-2007 until 2013-2014 to provide growth in federal funding. On the other end the joined states private for profit insurers based our premiums on age, gender, health status, and pre-existing conditions unless covering the healthiest people and avoiding the sickest individuals which in turn e... ... a lot of admonition about the take care times some have been known to wait in the emergency room for four hours. Although on the other hand, there is an upside to having to wait. By prioritizing the high risk p atients verses the lower risk patients, servicing to eliminate patient mortality rates. The government has since stepped in to help let off the long wait times. Unfortunately, the wait times on average are just as bad, if not worse here in the states, with one important difference. In Canada no one gets turned away, while in the states, if you do not have the proper documentation according to your plan, you whitethorn end up waiting double the amount of time.Works Cited G.G. Frasier, An analyze of Surgical Waiting List, New Zealand Medical Journal (1991)www.snopes.comwww.canadianhealthcare.orgwww.hc-sc.cawww.huffingtonpost.com

The Effect of Television on Humans Essay -- TV Media Papers

The Effect of Television on serviceman 98% of all homes in the U.K. have at least integrity video in themThroughout our planet we are surrounded by media, through magazines, parolepaper, internet, radio and, the most influential, television we are educated the news of the world. Just over 96 years ago the first workings mechanical TV system was built, by a man clear Boris Rosing, and its now, in the 21st century the considered the most popular grad of entertainment. It is adored by all ages and has become an essential part of the lives of millions of put one overers. Television, as many researchers and scientists have said, influences the thoughts of its audience in good and, unfortunately giving ways, with TV broadcasters doing whatever necessary to profit from their shows. Television has a macro impact on the youth of today, is the fact that our barbarianren are able to view scenes of sex, violence and excess bad language at such an earli est age have an affect on their futures? DOES tv INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOUR AND CAUSE US TO BE MORE red-faced? The programs watched on TV obviously depend on the preferences of the viewer(s), but the bulk of people will watch films quite frequently. Action movies have always been the most popular genre due to the extreme amounts of violence throughout the film. The characters in these films are made to look cool when fighting or shooting one another. Teenagers take great pleasure in idolizing these heroes and view themselves reacting similarly in such scenarios. It has been found that youngsters who continually watch these bring through movies are more likely to solve problems with violence a... ...nding us. As you female genitalia see there are advantages and disadvantages to the television, there is no doubt television influences our attitudes, behaviors and beliefs. Reality shows, Talk Shows, and Soap Operas all contribute to us beingness prevented from seeing the real truth in our society and what is considered important or not. On the other hand TV is extremely educational and is credibly the greatest form of media. I believe that TV should not be an essential part of our daily lives, moderate amounts of it is certainly harmless, if not advantageous. By the time a child becomes an adult, he has witnessed over 12,000 acts of violence on a television screen per year. That equals 144,000 acts of violence between the ages of 5 and 18. The child has witnessed over 8,000 murders before finishing elementary school (APA 1997).

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

Ashcan School :: essays research papers

ASHCAN SCHOOLThe Ashcan School was a movement which was integral and in a way 1 unavoidable with the infancy of the twentieth ampere-second. This movement in art was brought about by a handful of artists who converged on New York City around the duty tour of the century.2 The major Ashcan artists who will be discussed later ar Robert hydrogen ( 1865- 1929), George Luks (1866- 1933), Everett Shinn (1876- 1953), George Bellows (1882- 1925), John Sloan (1871- 1951), and William Glackens ( 1870- 1938).3 These were the major members of the Ashcan School. This is a group of artists who are credited with documenting the ordinary life on a human level in New York City during this incredible time of transformation. Because of these artists we control a picture of New York not based on the monuments or buildings however based on the fundamental interaction and the coexistence of the people who shaped the society which was emerging.The island of Manhattan was fused into the greater New York City in 1898. Because of this the city was transformed from a nineteenth century seaport with cobblestone streets into a twentieth century metropolis of skyscrapers and subways. The artists of the Ashcan movement saw this changing society in human terms. They saw this in a light which depicted the interaction of so many different cultures which were being thrust together. They documented these changes on a level which the ordinary person could understand. Because of the Ashcan School we have a picture of society which one really cannot understand amidst the beat out spectacle of overpowering buildings and increasing technology.4 To understand the Ashcan movement it is necessary to sapidity more closely at some of the major artists who were involved. George Bellows move to New York in 1904 after he dropped out of Ohio State University followers his junior year. Once in New York he enrolled in classes at The New York School of Art. He quickly became Robert Henris star pupil and wanted friend. Bellows was fascinated by New York City. He attempted to watch in his art the social change which he noticed in the city. By the time he was twenty four his art had the oversight of the cities leading critics, and his work was shown regularly at exhibitions at the national academy of design. Bellows became the youngest artist ever to elected an associate of the National academy of Design in 1909.

Essay --

From the 1920s up until his death Joseph Stalin was the leader of Russia. What ensued under Stalins reign didnt evoke emotions of love for country at heart the Russian people. Under Stalin the people lived in constant fear because of an epidemic within their own country, genocide of Stalins own people by Stalin himself. From 1934 up until 1939 a period of mass fear swept over Russia and at the helm Stalin with his (helpers?) of mass killings, the NKVD which are the internal police. Russia has always had a take in state security service commonly thought of now as the secret police, but in 1929 under the direction of Stalin the NKVD was organise and though it may have a new name it lock up held the infamous fear and practices of its predecessors, the GPU, The GUGB, and others. Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov was alive during this period of fear, and wizard of the ledgers he wrote titled The Master and Margarita shares a lot more than matchless similarity with Stalin and his regi me of fear. In fact it seems like the author created this book as a commentary of the times because of the way he writes ...

Tuesday, March 26, 2019

The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

Holdens pilgrimageAs we pass through this manner it is our duty to discover our destiny. virtu solelyy of us go to college and become Doctors, Lawyers, Architects. Others of us cherish the finer things in life and find our places on farms and Dude Ranches. The point is, every livelihood creature has a place in this world and we are eventually steered in its direction. Holden Caulfields voyage began when his brother died of Leukemia. Holden was emotionally destroyed by the loss of not only his brother, but his best friend also. The accompaniment that his parents couldnt accept Holdens pain and that they even sent him to a shrink for it, proved to Holden that his parents didnt care as much as they were supposed to. As Holden grew up, he found himself flunking out of school aft(prenominal) school, never being able to stay in one place. This disaster was caused by either his overwhelmingly powerful hatred for sight or because there was a conflict of interest between him and the school itself, well-nigh who they were trying to make him. Holden was also starting to view people as who they very were. Many of us in this world accept people at face value and never really take the period to see through the infinite masks that make up a psycheality, or a first impression. Holden however, took the time to understand who a person really was, and how fake they really were being. This changed his life enormously, as it would anybodys, because as soon as he could understand how much of a phony a person was being and who they truly were, he didnt have to feel inferior, panic-stricken or cast out by that person. I retrieve these views of life could have actually been caused by his brothers death. I think that when his brother died, his parents might have become phonies themselves. You must understand that when a parent loses one of their own creations they feel as if they have doomed a part of themselves and cannot strive to go on. I think some(prenominal) parents find it easier to conceal their feelings inside of themselves, thus becoming what Holden could view as a phony. He didnt understand why his parents had to bottle it all up (which he thinks is wrong) and why he was almost punished for expressing his feelings freely (which he feels is the right thing to do).

Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay -- essays research papers

The outgrowth main emergence that I believe lead to Anne Moody becoming an activist for genteel Rights was when she was younger, her cousin George Lee was baby sitting and he burned down the bear in a garment of rage and when Daddy gets home he blames it on Essie Mae (Anne Moody). This foreshadows all of spirits injustices that will be throw her way. The next time was when she do friends with clear neighbors and they decided to go to the movies, Anne couldnt sit with her friends, she had to sit in the balcony with all of the other cruddys. She did not sympathise why it was this way. Another causa was when she was in high school, she changes her name to Anne Moody, and a white boy, whose name was Emmitt public treasury who was visiting from Chicago, whistled at a white girl, and then a collection of white men murdered him. This bothered Ann, and she didnt work or sleep for days. When Samuel OQuinn, a black empowerment activist and NAACP constituent tried to organize a meeting, the principle Willis, who is an Uncle Tom, tattled on him. Samuel was shot by a mob of white men. The first experience of a well-bred rights movement was when she was attending Natchez College in Mississippi. The lunch lady served food with maggots in it. The cook, Miss Harris, knew that the food was spoiled exclusively didnt care. Anne organized a protest and it was successful. This was a hint of what was that to come from Anne. Blacks in the southwest didnt know what it was like to be equal to whites. Theyve been to... Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay -- essays search papers The first main event that I believe led to Anne Moody becoming an activist for Civil Rights was when she was younger, her cousin George Lee was babysitting and he burned down the house in a fit of rage and when Daddy gets home he blames it on Essie Mae (Anne Moody). This foreshadows all of lifes injustices that will be thrown her way. The next time was when she made friends with white neighbors and they decided to go to the movies, Anne couldnt sit with her friends, she had to sit in the balcony with all of the other blacks. She did not understand why it was this way. Another event was when she was in high school, she changes her name to Anne Moody, and a white boy, whose name was Emmitt Till who was visiting from Chicago, whistled at a white girl, and then a group of white men murdered him. This bothered Ann, and she didnt work or sleep for days. When Samuel OQuinn, a black empowerment activist and NAACP member tried to organize a meeting, the Principle Willis, who is an Uncle Tom, tattled on him. Samuel was shot by a mob of white men. The first experience of a civil rights movement was when she was attending Natchez College in Mississippi. The lunch lady served food with maggots in it. The cook, Miss Harris, knew that the food was spoiled but didnt care. Anne organized a protest and it was successful. This was a hint of what was yet to come from Ann e. Blacks in the south didnt know what it was like to be equal to whites. Theyve been to...

Monday, March 25, 2019

Macbeth: Pre-determined Destiny Essay -- essays research papers

MacbethPre- determine Destiny?Macbeth was a victim of a vicious compassionate flaw. Ambition. Itcan be great in small dosages, besides when wholeness takes what onebelieves to be ones destiny, as shown in Macbeth, it can be thedownfall. Macbeth was a Noble man worthy of Respect, then theprophecies came, and then there was his married woman." braw and Bold Macbeth (well he deserves that name)" thevery words of the king that Macbeth so dependably served. Neveronce thinking of murder. But then he receives the presage "HailMacbeth Thane of Glamis" "Hail Macbeth Thane of Cawdor" and"Hail Macbeth king hereafter". This plants the seed of corruptive inMacbeths mind. In fact, one of the first thoughts he has is ofMurder. When he returns home, his wife he had already informedshe was sure, that he was "too full of the draw of humankindness" or too feminine to do what was necessary. Sheconvinces him of murder, but Macbeth still is too kind, and trie sto pull out, but she simply appeals to his warrior side, andconvinces him of it.The three uncanny sisters. Instigators, antagonists. Had it notbeen for them Macbeth may have lived his entire life never notwithstandingbeing king. They appear to Macbeth and Banquo. TellingMacbeth, that he shall be king, and telling Banquo, that his heirsshall be kings, but not he. This leads to Macbeth killing Banquo,and trying to kill his son. The witches had not determinedMacbeths fate. But ...

Redefining Public and Private Essay -- Equality Gender Papers

Redefining Public and Private Public and cloak-and-dagger are imbedded within a dense web of associational meanings and intimations and connect to other basic notions nature and culture, male and female... The content, meaning, and range of public and nonpublic vary with the exigencies of each societys existence and turn on whether the virtues of political living or the values of privy life are rich and life-sustaining or invite been drained, singly or together, of their normative significance. The gentlemans gentlemantra of second roll up feminism, the personal is political, signifies the first attempt to break down the gendered division in the midst of the private sphere attributed to women and the public sphere of men. There is no promiscuous origin of this public/private division it could deal been, as Germaine Greer humorously suggests, while the male-hunter-gatherer strolled along burdened with no more that his spear and a throwing stick, his female mate trudged alo ng after him carrying their infant, their shelter, their food supplies and her digging stick. It appears that, from the indorsement of human interaction and language, and its implicit category making of social divisions, women have always been associated with the private, and men with the public.From the beginning of first wave feminism and the excite for womens suffrage, women have been using politics to enter the public realm of men, frankincense challenging the stark division among public man and private woman. A goal of the feminist movement has been to create equality between the sexes, both in the public and private spheres of life. In doing so, the gendered spaces of men and women have become blurred and, because of the linkage between public/private and man/woman, respectively, the division between pr... ...ssion, and Abortion Women Who Oppose Abortion Rights in the find of Feminism. Feminist Nightmares Women at Odds, Feminism and the Problem of Sisterhood. Ed. Susan Os trov Weisser and Jennifer Fleishner. New York New York University Press, 1994. 159-188.Regan, Priscilla M. statute law Privacy Technology, Social Values, and Public Policy. Chapel Hill, NC The University of North Carolina Press, 1995.Roe v. walk 410 U.S. 113 (1973)Siltanen, Janet and Michelle Stanworth. The politics of private woman and public man. Women and the Public Sphere. Eds. Janet Siltanen and Michelle Stanworth. New York, NY St. Martins Press, 1984. 185-208.Woolf, Virginia. trey Guineas. New York, NY Harcourt, Inc., 1938.Young, Iris. Pregnant Embodiment. Body and Flesh A Philosophical Reader. Ed. Donn Welton. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1998. 274-290.

Sunday, March 24, 2019

Comparing The Sun Also Rises and Possessing the Secret of Joy :: comparison compare contrast essays

Similarities in The cheerfulness as well as Rises and Possessing the Secret of Joy Ernest Hemingway and Alice Walker, although separated by seven decades, take the stand striking similarity in their definitions of love in their novels The Sun Also Rises and Possessing the Secret of Joy. It is a unique similarity of circumstances that links these devil novels. Jake Barnes, the protagonist of The Sun Also Rises, is literally and symbolically castrated during his aid in the First World War. Tashi, the protagonist of Possessing the Secret of Joy, undergoes an ancient tribal ritual of female circumcision that leaves her incapable of having sex. Through these two characters, Hemingway and Walker tickle pink their belief that love can exist outside the parameters of a effected relationship. Both Jake and Tashi are teaseed by serving their countries--Jake in the war, Tashi in an ancient tribal ritual. In both cases, their give over is expected of them. Jake, aft(prenominal) ret urning from the battlefield, is commended by his officer. It certainly was a rotten way to be wounded, and Jakes officer says, You gave more than your life. To his officer, however, if Jake had given more than his life it was given in honor of his country, so any consequences of his wound was a fate he would make to live with. He was supposed to be proud to have given so much for the war effort, but his wound does non make Jake a hero. Instead, he is reduced to something less than a man. His wound becomes a joke instead of a mark of a martyr. Jake thinks, At one time or a nonher I had probably considered it his wound from close of its various angles, including the one that certain injuries or imperfections are a reconcile of merriment while remaining quite serious for the person possessing them (20). As the war grows distant, Jake must assimilate to life as a lover, not a soldier. In a time when people try to occlude the war, Jake becomes not a hero but the object of a unrelen ting joke. You have given more than your life. -The Sun Also Rises Tashi is also wounded for her country. Her African tribe, the Olinkans, demands that everyone have their face scared with traditional tribal markings. For women this fount also includes circumcision. Tashi wants to go through with the ritual--just as Jake decides to join the army--so that she can sacrifice for the traditions and culture she believes in.

Oil and Saudi Arabia Essay -- Essays Papers Oil Saudi Arabia Papers

Exposing the Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian Arabian Royal Family, U.S. foreign policy, and the poerty soon occurring within Saudi Arabia PrefaceThe current world dependence on oil leaves much to be said about the impact of Saudi Arabia and the Middle atomic number 99 on foreign policy and internationalistic politics. short the worlds largest consumer of oil, the U.S. depends on Saudi Arabia and much of the Middle due east for the energy to evanesce its businesses, its homes, and roughly classicly, its automobiles. In the past few months U.S. consumers have felt the pressures of change magnitude gasoline prices as they struggle to commute and live their daily lives. This leaves the U.S. with important decisions to be do on behalf of its citizens and its position in the international realm.Saudi Arabia, the leader of OPEC (Organization of oil color Exporting Companies), maintains a powerful position in negotiations with the U.S. and other countries. Its mass ive supply of oil directly effects per drum pricing and is a unique bargaining tool in international politics. But Saudi Arabia is no ordinary unpolished in todays world. Its borders argon governed by a royal family of nearly 30,000 individuals, all of which share most of the wealth and some all of the power. Its people, with foreign exceptions, are wholly Moslem and many set the faith with a frightening sense of devotion. And condescension the immense tax generated by its oil reserves, part of its population compose lives in peremptory poverty. Although recently it has seen immense change, it is still a country fair toilet the progressive world.This report draws from many publications written over the last xx years exposing the unique situation in Saudi Arabia, while similarly utilizing recent headl... ... September 2003 (31 may 2004).?Oil jumps tush near $42,? (31 whitethorn 2004).?Plots and bombs,? The Economist, whitethorn 1 2004 47.?Still at its mercy,? T he Economist, May 22 2004 10?The limits of reform,? The Economist, Mar 27 2004 47.?US Challenges and Choices Saudi Arabia A View from the Inside,? The Atlantic Council of the United States, The Middle East Institute, The Middle East Policy Council, and The Stanley Foundation, (May 31, 2004).?What if The Economist, May 29 2004 69.William Powell, Saudi Arabia and its Royal Family, (New Jersey Lyle Stuart Inc., 1982). humanness Bank give notice (of) 2003, ?Saudi Arabia,? Oil and Saudi Arabia Essay -- Essays Papers Oil Saudi Arabia PapersExposing the Saudi Arabian Royal Family, U.S. foreign policy, and the poverty currently occurring within Saudi Arabia PrefaceThe current world dependence on oil leaves much to be said about the impact of Saudi Arabia and the Middle East on foreign policy and international politics. Presently the worlds largest consumer of oil, the U.S. depends on Saudi Arabia and much of the Middle East for the energy to run its businesses, its homes , and most importantly, its automobiles. In the past few months U.S. consumers have felt the pressures of increasing gasoline prices as they struggle to commute and live their daily lives. This leaves the U.S. with important decisions to be made on behalf of its citizens and its position in the international realm.Saudi Arabia, the leader of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies), maintains a powerful position in negotiations with the U.S. and other countries. Its vast supply of oil directly effects per barrel pricing and is a unique bargaining tool in international politics. But Saudi Arabia is no ordinary country in todays world. Its borders are governed by a royal family of nearly 30,000 individuals, all of which share most of the wealth and almost all of the power. Its people, with foreign exceptions, are wholly Islamic and many practice the faith with a frightening sense of devotion. And despite the immense revenue generated by its oil reserves, part of its population still lives in absolute poverty. Although recently it has seen immense change, it is still a country fair behind the progressive world.This report draws from many publications written over the last twenty years exposing the unique situation in Saudi Arabia, while also utilizing recent headl... ... September 2003 (31 May 2004).?Oil jumps back near $42,? (31 May 2004).?Plots and bombs,? The Economist, May 1 2004 47.?Still at its mercy,? The Economist, May 22 2004 10?The limits of reform,? The Economist, Mar 27 2004 47.?US Challenges and Choices Saudi Arabia A View from the Inside,? The Atlantic Council of the United States, The Middle East Institute, The Middle East Policy Council, and The Stanley Foundation, (May 31, 2004).?What if The Economist, May 29 2004 69.William Powell, Saudi Arabia and its Royal Family, (New Jersey Lyle Stuart Inc., 1982).World Bank Report 2003, ?Saudi Arabia,?

Saturday, March 23, 2019

Flood of Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

The flood out of Gilgamesh Perhaps the most popular comparison with Noahs Flood is that of an ancient Babylonian narrative of a similar flood. A quick look at the text does show some key similarities between them however on that point are also some pointed differences. I will show you both(prenominal) and let you decide whether there is or is not a connection. initial let us look at the similarities *It is set in the Iraqi/Turkey area.....similar to the Biblical Flood. *A populace is warned by a beau ideal to build a ship so he could survive a coming flood, sent by the divine powers. *The piece of music is told to restrain himself, his family, and a sampling of all living things. *The gravy holder was to be sealed with rosin inside and out. *A set time is made by the graven image for the flood to begin. *The flood includes both rain and water from the surface. *The flood cover the mountains. *The sauceboat came to rest on a mountain first. *Birds we re released to test for whether or not the waters had receeded. In the Biblical account, a raven and a dove were released. In the Gilgamesh account, a dove, swallow, and raven were released. *Once out of the boat, the man offers a sacrifice to the divinity which brings comfort to the divinity at the syrupy scent of the sacrifice. Now for the differences *The Babylonian tale never says why the gods chose to save the man in the story. It was pretty much dumb luck. In the Bible, Noah was a rightous man amidst a population of evil. *The boat dimensions are quite different. The boat in the story of the Babylonian flood is a cube, adjoin on all sides. While in the Bible, Noah is told to build his Ark in a 450x75x45 symmetry. This ratio is what is known to ship builders as the perfect ratio for stabilty for a boat but it was not known until the 15th century AD. The Gilgamesh boat, being equal on all sides, would have been wildly unstable and unseaworthy. *The Babylonian man took seven days to build his boat while Noah took 120 years. wherefore would such a numerology rich people use such a non-numerology number as 120 when seven was already in the story?