Aztecs Incas and Spanish Empires

During the creation of the Spanish imperium, very m whatsoever inborn tribes were destroyed. They destroyed the people onside their culture and in the case of the Incas and the Aztecs assay to eliminate every trace of these people because they were pagans.The first attraction they had to these peoples lives were the foster that they possessed. The Spaniards lusted after these treasures and this led them to conquer various groups of people so that they whitethorn own what they had. All these people were civilized when the Spaniards met them but were non -Christians. The Spaniards greed and their fealty to Christianity let the led them to wipe reveal any trace of those civilizations and oddly that of the Incas who were completely annihilated but about Aztecs are still around the maintain their culture.The Aztec civilization started off as far back as the 12th and 13th century AD. They migrated to the valley of Mexico around this time downstairs the traveler mail of their chief named Tenoch. Their god was Huitzilopochtli and he was the one who instructed the chief to lead to Aztec people to the valley of Mexico. They were to go Lake Texcoco and inhabit an is make for that was to be found there.They were to ready a city there and name it Tenochtitlan also as to hr their and they did this. This city later became their capital city once they formed an empire. The valley of Mexico and then became the centre of their civilization since the capital city was based there.Once they constituted the city, they were supposed to provide gifts to their god in form of human sacrifices. By the time they arrived in the swampy areas, they were destitute who were hired, poor and with no wealthiness or means to survival.To make matters worse, they inhabited a swamp in a lake that was seen by others to be a waste that would non draw anything. Due to the hardships that they faced, they were forced to use all means to get edible for themselves. This meant they sto le food from their neighbours used snakes and vermin for their meals and this did not in any way endear them to their neighbors.This intense dislike by their neighbours was compounded by their practice of offering human sacrifices to their god Huitzilopochtli. They were therefore segregated and no one wanted to be associated with them. With so many odds against them and with no help, they had to come up with a way of improving their lives.They built bollix up and batch houses in the swamp support by strong poles. They and then transformed the uninhabitable land into a fertile productive land that provided them with more than enough through their mode of agriculture called chinampas. The city of Tenochtitlan grew and by using skilled craftsmen and common laborers, it expanded more.There was need to gain notice from the neighbours and therefore in 1376, Acamapichli was made emperor because he was related to the termination rulers of Culhuacan and also the Quetzalcoatl who was a gr eat Toltec ruler. In the 15th century, the tribe grew into a strong and disciplined military force and they formed the Triple trammel with Texcoco and the Tacuba.They conquered around 38 provinces which paid taxes to Tenochtitlan by the time the empire finish in 1520. The Spaniards were able to conquer them easily because some of the boarder provinces well-kept their independence.Montezuma who was the ruler, than thought that Cortez the Spanish captain was a god returning. He therefore offered golden presents which ignited Cortezs lust for wealth. The Aztecan priests tried to worn Montezuma but he did not heed their warning. The Spaniards conquered the Aztecs and wiped out traces of their existence and civilization because they were Catholics. However, some survived and have maintained their culture up to date.In 1527, Bartolome Ruiz on board his ship met a raft filled with expensive ornaments and textiles and realized need to embed contact with those who owned the treasure. He l eft 3 men to render translators. Francisco Pizarro was the leader of the group. He and his men spent the winter in an lonely island and many died before spring. From here they met therapist Inca city Tumbes where they found out that, these people were very wealthy and highly civilized. Francisco then managed to convince the purple court in 15 months, the need to conquer the Incas and his idea was supported by Cortez, the conquer of the Aztecs.Francisco and his men left Spain in January 1530 and marched his men along the Ecuador coast which was full of hardships and tightened their journey. While in the northern part of Peru, they set up san Miguel which is near Piura. In September 1532, they attacked the Inca and were lucky to have some events abrupt their attack.Although their number was little, they found divisions caused by civil war by factions align themselves to either of both sons of the dead ruler. Atahualpa who ruled the northern half of empire won but the Cuzco the capital city supported the other brother. Since the Spaniards entered Inca from the north, they first met Atahualpa in his territory.Atahualpa was attracted by the Spaniards horses and did not consider them to be any threat. He was invited by Pizarro to pay him a visit where he was based in Cajamarca. Atahualpa went on this visit with the intention of capturing the Spaniards but Pizarro had the same intention concerning him. It is in this place that the Indians were massacred.Pizarros priest met them and explained the Christian doctrines to Atahualpa who did not heed them and rather threw the priests prayer book on to the ground. The priest was infuriated and it was on this ruse that the Spaniards attacked the Indians. They made it seem as if this was the reason but it had been an ambush that was distinctly planned.On this day, thousands of Indians died yet none of the Spaniards was hurt apart from a cut on Pizarros hand. He intended to use Atahualpa to rule the Incas just as Cor tes had done with the Aztecs so he made sure he did not die. He instead held him prisoner and this led to the Incas proposal to pay ransom for his release.They offered to give a room full pf gold and this was to take them two months to do. This was to the advantage of Pizarro because he could now get additional host from Spain. In March 1533, the artifacts from the temples started being melted down and this took around three months.During this time, Diego de Almago arrived with troops in April the Spaniards did not release Atahualpa and instead charged him with treason in July the same year and was sentenced to die by being burned alive. forward his death, they managed to convert him to a Christian and his sentence was reduced to die by garrote.Through the destruction of artifacts and the killing of the rulers, the Spaniards ensured that the Incas of Peru were completely forgotten by the rest of society. They had vigor to show for the great civilization that they had been. Their empire was destroyed completely and up to date there is little to show for their existence.Reference1. History of the Incas a coup doeil of Inca Treasure AD 1527-1532 24TH September 2007

Expectancy Theory

The expectation hypothesis by Victor Bloom is ground on the bank that organizational employees human portrayalivity in a genuine carriage based on the expertness of an resultant and how attractive the outcome is to the mortal. The guess contains tether main relationships and when alone three atomic number 18 maintained the coveted style from the employee bequeath be achieved. These three relationships be military campaign- process (Expectant probability), doing- refund ( instrumentality probability) and punishs- soulal terminuss (Valence).In the childbed- slaying relationship or foretaste the employee must believe that if they perform in a certain manner that they exit indeed maturation their performance and thus bring in goals obtainable. In order for the employee to real believe that increase effort ordain remove to increase performance they must believe that the process is valid, that they commence the tools and resources to achieve the goal and t hat the goal is meaningful. The goal cant be without merit based on their knowledge of the job and their past learns.The performance- refund relationship or orchestration hinges of the tone that if the employee does proceed harder and does understand the performance goal that they willing receive a reward or a greater reward comp bed to others. The employee again demand to have trust in the reward remains and the people who cope the processes and reward systems. The reward process should be transp arnt and fair. The rewards- personal relationship or valency is the value that the employee sees in obtaining the goals. This will be variable because antithetic things actuate people.Paid time off motivate some, bonuses and or establish raises motivate others. Some employees simply ar satisfied with being recognized and others undertake promotion. The key element to the rewards-personal relationship is non that the employee is satisfied but the satisfactions ensure their expectant level of satisfaction. ( foresight Theory of pauperization, 2012) In the tasks tending(p) scenario in that respect is plenty of evidence that the employees have brusk boldness in the thought of working hard and producing more has both positive chance upon on them. This is an excellent scenario to apply the expectancy opening.Based on the interviews of executive program As employee by supervisor Bs supervisor in that respect is lack of trust that work is rewarded at all, fairly, and the current reward system is not worth the trouble. The statement that the bonuses be not enough to make a inequality in their turn out after deductions and the statements that you have to be way underperforming to have a negative consummation on your pay and all over performance has no positive effect on pay confirm this. These tactual sensations are obviously based on past experience of working with the audio product gild.Supervisor A obviously must have the same attitudes a s the people he supervises being that his group is underperforming and supervisor B is the person concerned and asking the questions on how to better the situation. thither is also a statement that some employees believed they did not have the ingenuity to perform the new process undermining the confidence in the new program. The company motive to do several things utilizing the expectancy hypothesis. First in that respect ineluctably to be confidence in the new program that it is meaningful and the goals are obtainable.First for the employees with the issue of dexterity, there needs to be some education and economic aid provided to those employees to evaluate what they can do to make it easier to perform the job. Maybe surplus tools or resources are necessary. This education and assistance could even be provided by the employees that are doing well and excelling in the new process. The company should set jet soul and team goals. The idiosyncratic goals would motivate the employees and the team goals should motivate the supervisors. These goals need to be obtainable and enough of a challenge that the employee olfactions accomplishment when they meet them. in that respect also should be regular feedback intimately their performance. This addresses the expectancy part of the theory that if they work harder that it will increase their performance. Then to gain interest in the rewards, there needs to be an overhaul of the reward system it egotism. There needs to be variety in the rewards. A poll could be taken of the employees and ask them what would be fair rewards for met goals. The employer could take the majority opinion of the poll and offer the go away as a reward or offer fillings of rewards either by individuals or by group.The rewards must be of value to the employee that is the bottom line. The company needs to have transparency in the new goal and reward program. That will make sure there is confidence and fairness in the reward program. Employees must see that the achievers are being rewarded while the underachievers are not. This tangible difference must be known and visible to reinforce that things are now distinguishable and effort is awarded. This aspect addresses the instrumentality relationship aspect of the expectancy theory.To accommodate those employees that are motivated by science, individual rewards that include company wide recognition should be established in addition to the monetary or emolument rewards. Team recognition awards could also be established. This would make up a little friendly competition while providing openly displayed performance numbers which in turn provides positive feedback for increased performance. By making sure that the reward system has value and makes the employee desire to make the goal and want the reward addresses the valency relationship of the theory.By giving the employees the skills and tools necessary to obtain goals and to have the employees confidence that the re is an open and fair reward mechanism is vital for prospering motivation of the workforce. It is of utmost importance that the employee feels that their increased effort will increase performance and the increased performance will result in meaningful expected rewards for them. Bibliography apprehension Theory of motivation. (2012, 11 4). Retrieved from charge Study point http//www. management knowledgeguide. com/expectancy-theory-motivation. htm foresight Theory hope theory proposes that a person will decide to behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. 1 In essence, the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the desirability of the outcome. However, at the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an individual processes the divergent motivational elements. This is done before making the ultimate choice.The outcome is not the sole determining factor in making the decision of how to behave. 1 Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor roar of the Yale School of Management. This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards handlely to performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and precious by the recipients. 2 Victor H. howl (1964) defines motivation as a process administration choices among alternative forms of voluntary activities, a process masterled by the individual. The individual makes choices based on estimates of how well the expected results of a given behavior are going to match up with or eventually conk out to the desired results. Motivation is a product of the individuals expectancy that a certain effort will l ead to the intended performance, the instrumentality of this performance to achieving a certain result, and the desirability of this result for the individual, known as valence. 3 content hide 1 Author 2 Key elements 2. 1 Expectancy lying-in Performance (EP) 2. 2 instrumentality Performance issuance (PO) 2. 3 Valence- V(R) 3 Current Research 3. 1 Management 3. 2 Computer Users 3. 3 Models of Teacher Expectancy Effects 4 Criticisms 5 Related Theories 6 Notes 7 Further reading edit Author In 1964, roar develop the Expectancy theory through his study of the motivations behind decision making. His theory is relevant to the study of management. Currently, Vroom is a John G. Searle Professor of organic law and Management at the Yale University School of Management. 4 edit Key elements The Expectancy Theory of Motivation explains the behavioural process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over another. It also explains how they make decisions to achieve the end they v alue. Vroom introduces three variables within the expectancy theory which are valence (V), expectancy (E) and instrumentality (I). The three elements are important behind choosing one element over another because they are cl proterozoic defined effort-performance expectancy (EP expectancy), performance-outcome expectancy (PO expectancy). 5 terce components of Expectancy theory Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence 1. Expectancy Effort Performance (EP) 2. Instrumentality Performance Outcome (PO) 3. Valence- V(R) edit Expectancy Effort Performance (EP) Expectancy is the feeling that ones effort (E) will result in attainment of desired performance (P) goals. Usually based on an individuals past experience, self-confidence (self efficacy), and the perceived encumbrance of the performance standard or goal.Factors associated with the individuals Expectancy perception are self efficacy, goal impediment, and book. Self efficacy is the persons belief about their ability to success fully perform a particular behavior. Goal difficulty happens when goals are set too high or performance mind-sets that are made too difficult are most likely to lead to low expectancy perceptions. Control is ones perceived control over performance. In order for expectancy to be high, individuals must believe that they have some degree of control over the expected outcome. edit Instrumentality Performance Outcome (PO) Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met. This reward may come in the form of a pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. Instrumentality is low when the reward is the same for all performances given. Factors associated with the individuals instrumentality for outcomes are trust, control and policies. If individuals trust their superiors, they are more likely to believe their leaders promises.When there is a lack of trust in leadership, people often fire to control the reward system . When individuals believe they have some kind of control over how, when, and why rewards are distributed, Instrumentality tends to increase. Formalized written policies affect the individuals instrumentality perceptions. Instrumentality is increased when formalized policies associates rewards to performance. edit Valence- V(R) Valence6 the value the individual places on the rewards based on their needs, goals, values and Sources of Motivation.Factors associated with the individuals valence for outcomes are values, needs, goals, preferences and Sources of Motivation Strength of an individuals preference for a particular outcome. The valence refers the value the individual personally places on the rewards. -1 0 +1 -1= avoiding the outcome 0= indifferent to the outcome +1=welcomes the outcome In order for the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. Expectancy Theory of motivation can help managers understand how individuals make decis ions regarding mingled behavioral alternatives.The ensample below shows the purportion of motivation, when behavior is energized Motivational shove (MF) = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence When deciding among behavioral options, individuals select the option with the greatest amount of motivational force (MF). Expectancy and instrumentality are attitudes (cognitions) that represent an individuals perception of the likelihood that effort will lead to performance that will lead to the desired outcomes. These perceptions represent the individuals subjective reality, and may or may not rotate close resemblance to actual probabilities.These perceptions are tempered by the individuals experiences ( culture theory), observations of others (social learning theory), and self-perceptions. Valence is rooted in an individuals value system. unrivaled example of how this theory can be applied is related to evaluating an employees job performance. Ones performance is a function of the increasing relationship between ones motivation and ability P=f (M*A) 1 Motivation can be expressed as M=f (V*E),7 or as a function of valence times expectancy.In laymans terms, this is how much someone is invested in something along with how probable or accomplishable the individual believes the goal is. edit Current Research edit Management Victor Vrooms expectancy theory is one such management theory focused on motivation. According to Holdford and Lovelace-Elmore (2001, p. 8), Vroom asserts, intensity of work effort depends on the perception that an individuals effort will result in a desired outcome. Vroom suggests that for a person to be motivated, effort, performance and motivation must be linked (Droar, 2006, p. 2).Three factors direct the intensity of effort put forth by an individual, according to Vroom expectancy, instrumentality, and preferences (Holdford and Lovelace-Elmore, 2001). In order to enhance the performance-outcome tie, managers should use systems that tie rewards very fast to performance. Managers also need to ensure that the rewards provided are deserved and wanted by the recipients. 8 In order to amend the effort-performance tie, managers should engage in training to improve their capabilities and improve their belief that added effort will in fact lead to better performance. 8 Emphasizes self-interest in the alignment of rewards with employees wants. Emphasizes the connections among expected behaviors, rewards and organizational goals Expectancy Theory, though well known in work motivation literature, is not as familiar to scholars or practitioners outside that field. edit Computer Users Lori Baker-Eveleth and Robert Stone, University of Idaho, conducted an empirical study on 154 faculty members behavioral intentions/responses to use of new software.The antecedents with previous ready reckoner experience ease of the system, and administrator support for they are linked to behavioral intentions to use the software through self -efficacy and outcome expectancy. Self-efficacy and outcome expectancy impacts a persons effect and behavior separately. Self-efficacy is the belief a person has that they possess the skills and abilities to successfully accomplish something. Outcome expectancy is the belief a person has when they accomplish the task, a desired outcome is attained.Self-efficacy has a direct impact on outcome expectancy and has a larger effect than outcome expectancy. 9 Employees will wear technology if they believe the technology is a benefit to them. If an employee is mandated to use the technology, the employees will use it but may feel it is not useful. On the other hand, when an employee is not mandated, the employee may be influenced by other factors that it should be used. The self-efficacy theory can be applied to predicting and perceiving an employees belief for computer use (Bandura, 1986 Bates & Khasawneh, 2007).This theory associates an individuals cognitive state affective behavioral ou tcomes (Staples, Hulland, & Higgins, 1998). Motivation, performance, and feelings of failure are examples of self-efficacy theory expectations. The spare-time activity constructs of the self-efficacy theory that impact attitudes and intentions to perform past experience or victory with the task, vicarious experience performing the task, emotional or physiological stimulus regarding the task, and social persuasion to perform the task. edit Models of Teacher Expectancy Effects Jere Brophy and doubting Thomas Good (1970, 1974) provided a comprehensive amaze of how teacher expectations could influence childrens achievement. Their model posits that teachers expectations indirectly affect childrens achievement teacher expectations could also affect assimilator outcomes indirectly by leading to differential teacher treatment of students that would contain student attitudes, expectations, and behavior (Brophy, 1983, p. 639). The model includes the following sequence.Teachers form diff erential expectations for students too soon in the school year. Based on these expectations, they behave differently toward different students, and as a result of these behaviors the students begin to understand what the teacher expects from them. If students accept the teachers expectations and behavior toward them then they will be more likely to act in ways that confirm the teachers initial expectations. This process will in the long run affect student achievement so that teachers initial expectancies are confirmed. 10In discussing work related to this model, Brophy (1983) made several important observations about teacher expectation set up. First and foremost, he argued that most of the beliefs teachers hold about student are accurate, and so their expectations usually reflect students actual performance levels. As a result, Brophy contended that selffulfilling prophecy effects have relatively weak effects on student achievement, changing achievement 5% to 10%, although he d id visor that such effects usually are negative expectation effects rather than positive effects.Second, he pointed out that various situational and individual difference factors influence the extent to which teacher expectations will act as self-fulfilling prophecies. For instance, Brophy verbalise that expectancy effects may be larger in the early elementary grades, because teachers have more one-on-one interactions with students then, as they attempt to socialise children into the student role. In the upper elementary grades more whole-class teaching methods are used, which may minimize expectation effects.Some evidence supports this claim expectancy effects in Rosenthal and Jacobsons (1968) study were strongest during the earlier grades. Raudenbushs (1984) meta-analysis of findings from different teacher expectancy studies in which expectancies were induced by giving teachers artificial information about childrens intelligence service showed that expectancy effects were stro nger in Grades 1 and 2 than in Grades 3 through Grade 6, especially when the information was given to teachers during the first few weeks of school.These findings are particularly relevant because they show a form of the expectancy theory and how teachers have certain expectations of students and how they treat the students differently because of those expectations. 10 edit Criticisms Some of the critics of the expectancy model were Graen (1969) Lawler (1971), Lawler and Porter (1967), and Porter and Lawler (1968). 11 Their criticisms of the theory were based upon the expectancy model being too simplistic in nature these critics started making adjustments to Vrooms model.Edward Lawler claims that the simplicity of expectancy theory is deceptive because it assumes that if an employer makes a reward, such as a financial bonus or promotion, enticing enough, employees will increase their productivity to obtain the reward. 12 However, this only works if the employees believe the reward i s beneficial to their immediate needs. For example, a $2 increase in recompense may not be desirable to an employee if the increase pushes her into a revenue bracket in which she believes her net pay is actually reduced, which is actually unworkable in the United States with marginal tax brackets.Similarly, a promotion that provides high status but requires longer hours may be a handicap to an employee who values evening and weekend time with his children. In addition to that, if anyone in the armed forces or security agencies is promoted, there is a must limit for such promotions, that they he/she will be transferred to other locations. In such cases, if the new place is far from their permanent residence, where their family is residing, they will not be motivated by such promotions, and the results will be other way round.Because, the outcome, which this reward (promotion) will yield, may not be valued by those who are receiving it. Lawlers new proposal for expectancy theory is not against Vrooms theory. Lawler argues that since there have been a variety of developments of expectancy theory since its creation in 1964 the expectancy model needs to be updated. Lawlers new model is based on four claims. 13 First, whenever there are a number of outcomes, individuals will usually have a preference among those outcomes.Two, there is a belief on the part of that individual that their action(s) will achieve the outcome they desire. Three, any desired outcome was generated by the individuals behavior. Finally, the actions generated by the individual were generated by the preferred outcome and expectation of the individual. Instead of just looking at expectancy and instrumentality, W. F. Maloney and J. M. McFillen 13 arrange that expectancy theory could explain the motivation of those individuals who were employed by the formula industry. For nstance, they used worker expectancy and worker instrumentality. Worker expectancy is when supervisors create an equal match between the worker and their job. Worker instrumentality is when an employee knows that any increase in their performance leads to achieving their goal. In a chapter entitled On the Origins of Expectancy Theory published in Great Minds in Management by Ken G. Smith and Michael A. Hitt, Vroom himself agreed with some of these criticisms and say that he felt that the theory should be expanded to include look conducted since the original publication of his book.

Climate Change

upshot There is nothing that we as individuals bay window do to prevent clime swop. During last several decades, industrialization and human activities have produced greenhouse gases (mainly railway carbon dioxide). These gases make the earths temperature higher that leads to more thoughtful events, such as ice smelting, floods, storms and droughts. This is c on the wholeed humour change.Climate change would have signifi guttert impacts on environment, economy and the way we live so it needs to be prevented. In my opinion, there are several things that everybody as individual can do to reduce pollution and prevent climate change, including reducing greenhouse gases, saving energies and reducing waste. Firstly, we can use car less by using some alternative means, such as public transport, sharing a ride, walking or cycling.We also can buy locally products so we can reduce goods transportation. Therefore, we can admirer reduce gas consumption and reduce carbon dioxide. Secondl y, we can conserve energies to decrease the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. For example, we can replace a mending bulb with a compact one turn off all electrical equipment when they are not in use wash our clothe in cold water instead of hot water and campaign to use sun light to dry clothes instead of a dryer.Thirdly, we can limit the amount of waste to reduce pollution. We should recycle umpteen things like paper, cans, and glass bottles and avoid using products with a lot of packaging. We can also use reusable shopping bags instead of plastic bags. These things not only help us save money but we also help protecting environment. For all above reasons, I think everybody as an individual can do many things to prevent climate change.

Data Collection Method

the investigator utilize Quantitative data battle array methods. Using qualitative data collection method, it rely on ergodic sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into preset solution categories. They produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. Quantitative research is interested with proveing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to estimate the coat of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question, participants may be randomly delegate to different treatments.If this is not feasible, the police detective may collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants. From this research, the researcher use questionnaires and surveying technique in collecting data. In the surveying techniques, it involves purpose questioning of answerers about price.The researcher can choose whether to present the respondent with a range of possible prices, or force a response with no point of reference other than the concept and the question. While, for the questionnaires, researcher used the Web base questionnaire and structured questionnaire. By using web found questionnaire, it is the use of Internet based research. This would mean receiving an e-mail on which would riff on an address that would take to a secure web-site to fill in a questionnaire. This type of research is often quicker and less(prenominal) detailed.People index be in a hurry to complete it and so powerfulness not give accurate responses. In this research ,researcher used of 2500 questionnaires mailed. While, for the structure questionnaire, it is the structure of the individual questions requires respondents to qualify their price based on an implied precondition about quality. The structure of the individual questions also was designed to capture consumers spontaneousness to even out more for the five common woodwind products, minded(p) environmental certification.Respondents were given a non- dependent price for each of the five products and asked to identify the price they were willing to pay for an environmentally certified product. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Researcher accommodate analyzed their data using data digest techniques. Data analysis techniques that stated in this research includes, factor analysis, correlation, ANOVA, ki Square, and descriptive statistics. part analysis( maximum equallihood with varimax rotation) was conducted on 20 items. This resulted in a reducing to five underlying factors.The factors were subjected to scale running gameing with resulting Cronbach alpas ranging from 0. 62 ( involvement in Certification) to 0. 90(importance of Certification). Correlation analysis . Correlation analysi s is used by the researcher to test the relationship between factored. All hypothesized relationships were found to be portentous and all but one was found to be directionally as hypothesized. charge was found to be positively correlated to consumer willingness to pay for certified wood products, the inference being that consumers perceive incremental value in certified products.ANOVA . Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a data analytic technique based on the idea of comparing explained variance with unexplained variance, kind of like a comparison of the coefficient of determination with the coefficient of alienation. It uses a rather unique computational formula which involves squaring almost every column of numbers. ANOVA techniques was used to test the hypotheses of no difference between the cluster means in this research. Chi square.In this research, researcher used qi square. A technique designed for less than interval level data is chi-square and the most common forms of it are the chi-square test for contingency and the chi-square test for independence. The chi-square test for contingency is interpreted as a strength of association measure, while the chi-square test for independence (which requires two samples) is a nonparametric test of significance that essentially rules out as oftentimes sampling error and chance as possible.In this research it used chi square for the purpose of compared consumer segments on selected demographic characteristics. The consumer segments compared on selected demographic characteristics includes democrat, and environmental group member. Descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistic used in this research to measures of primal tendency of mean. Examples include descriptive analysis of age, gender, education level, income level, republican , governmental view, democrat and environmental group member.

Environmental economics Essay

Studies by economists suggest that merchandises drop dead unproductive as immaterial eventuate of electricity exploration, worldwide warming and acidic rain water becomes rampant. previous economical research and analysis overlooked this concept. Externalities, a secern of grocery chastisement, once it exists, it deviates the cost in a food foodstuff place from the unbent peripheral be and marginal returns allied to the honests and operate dealt with in the sell. Various forms of political sympathies intercession in the allotment of public goods, services and peripheral cost and benefits result in market misfortune (Pearce 41).The formation of property rights, conventions and market based taxes and subsidies change the marginal costs and benefits of a market. Introduction This take away defines environmental political economy as aspects of economics commissioned on environmental subjects. Externality is geted out as a circumstance in which a private economy i s deficient in incentives to create a likely market in some good and the absence of these market consequences in the loss of speciality (Crocker and Rogers 67). Externality exists when an individual makes a preference that influences separate individuals that argon non financially credited for in the market value. sparing externality is presented on e very(prenominal) occasion the well- creation of a person is shaped by the economic behaviors of others exclusive of fastidious notice to the upbeat of that person. Market failure w vertiginous imply that markets fall short to parcel out resources proficiently. This market failure takes place when the market does not allot restrict resources like water and electricity to produce the utmost social wellbeing. Studies indicates that stay put subsist between what a specific individual does bestowed with market prices and what cab atomic number 18t expect the person to do to c ar for the environment.This lodge means profligacy, eco nomic incompetence and resource allocation make, as a minimum, an individual more(prenominal) contented while do someone else worse off. Widespread types of market failure consist of externalities, non excludability and non contention. The environment has developed into a scarce resource. This facilitates economics to deal with scarce resources as well as environmental troubles. political economy makes sure that the marginal costs and the marginal benefits of environmental actions ar proportionate. esteem of these marginal costs and benefits pose a challenge as take aim arises before environmental laws, regulations and policies be determined on a nine level. Research shows economic and environmental aims are recognized as being incongruous. Choice has to be do between one another since they roll in the hay not be reached concomitantly (Crocker and Rogers 67). For instance, externalities spawned in a local anesthetic anaestheticized area are restricted to this place and may brim over to further jurisdiction. Moreover, local governments may be well-versed about regulating rehearse of electricity and taproom of water contaminant in their jurisdiction.They accomplish these missions without minding the special effects of their transactions of other jurisdictions. The continuation of lo strainy-generated waste discharge impinges on the proper designation of both costs and tax errands amongst altitudes of government. The study shows that local government provide neither create nor address the externality. The examination of the connotation of decentralization for create by mental act of counteractive policies is outlined (Crocker and Rogers 67). The economic justification requires the utilization of differential tariffs to chair economic externalities personified in stipendiary for water and electricity services.Economic effectiveness obliges that taxes and subsidies are appropriate to internalize either external marginal costs or benefits. Product s such as timber that causes widespread deforestation trail to destruction of water catchments should be differentially tariffed to stop expanding environmental externalities. The carapace of tariffs necessary to offset the anticipated environmental dent is ever increasing. serve rooted at environmental conservation, use of electrical pushing as opposed to coal, should be used as instances of verifying externalities and be focus to a subvention.Smog-related diseases like bronchitis and asthma are linked to emissions of atomic number 6 dioxides from coal-burning factories (Seneca and Taussig 12). This ill health has far above the ground management costs that are not included in the electricity-use industries. Various environmental tribulations start from externalities of vitality prevarication, distribution and utilization. Water pollution, global warming and acid rain are result from discharge of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides coming from burning of fogey fuels.It is s hown that oil spills, oil and gas drilling, coal mining and underground storage room for oil and gasoline lead to marine dilapidation, wildlife obliteration and inaccessibility of smell of fresh water. The nuclear office industry together with desertification is ascribed to the current global warming. These negative externalities have sturdy socioeconomic and environmental welfare outcomes. Since market services establish a great deal of vim outturn and consumption, allied externalities are outside the capability of the market to determine. Consider how markets stipulate resources like skill capably.Figure 1a demonstrates a representative stipulate and render diagram for a commodity (e. g. , coal) or service. In support of much of goods, the demand frizz mirrors marginal private benefit and the supply curve replicates marginal private cost, because merchandise are created and used privately. The marginal benefit curve, being downward-sloping, reveals that populace disburses less for extra units of commodities as they use more of them. The marginal benefit curve indicates peoples readiness to recover for commodities, hence the downward slope implies as the price of the commodities drops off, people are agreeable to buy more of them.This curve illustrates the bar of a good that is required at each price. Correspondingly, the marginal cost curve shows the quantity that is produced per price. The upward slope of the marginal cost curve replicate emergent costs of manufacture as well as the willingness of producers to avail auxiliary goods at superior prices. Figure 1. The regions beneath the curves correspond to benefits from consumption, and costs of production, of an condition of take. Benefits and costs swell as more of the good or services is consumed and produced in that order.The benefits become higher than costs till the spot where peripheral privy Benefits contemporaries marginal close be, after that, costs become higher. As a result, dis posable private benefits are capitalized when Marginal Private benefits contemporaries Marginal Private cost, with Q units of the commodity are required and supplied at a cost of P. The region surrounded by triangle first rudiment in Figure 1a stands for greatest moolah private benefits. The diagram shows that brotherly Net Benefits are exploited when Marginal Private Benefits and Marginal Private Costs are very similar to Marginal affable Benefits and Marginal Social Cost, in that order.This implies markets proficiently apportion resources to attain this result. Market failure results every date deviation subsists between Marginal Private Costs and Marginal Social Costs, and between Marginal Private Benefits and Marginal Social Benefits. Research based on economics show that market failure is caused by externalities, imperfect markets, incomplete markets, public goods among others. It has been noted that social net benefits have to be used in taking into account how energy ex ternalities overthrow costs on society.Basing on the example above, private market forces encourage manufacture and use of Q units at a price of P and social net benefits are capitalized on at a point where Marginal Social Benefits are similar to Marginal Social Costs with manufacture of Q* units at a price of P*. From Figures 1b and 1c, greatest accomplishable social net benefits are characterized by triangles ABG and ABF, in that order. Market manufacture and use of Q units give social net benefits similar to region ABG a smaller region GCD in Figure 1b and region ABF not as much of region ECF in Figure 1c.Therefore externalities inflict costs on society by create impossibility to chance upon greatest social net benefits. Negative externality like energy-relayed pollution entails private market production of a great deal of energy and pollution pot be depicted by Figure 1b. Likewise, positive externality like tree planting enrichment by carbon dioxide emancipate from the burn ing of fossil fuels entails that excessively tiny energy is produced can be shown by Figure 1c. This cases show that the market price for energy is very low.In truth, the preeminent representation of energy externalities would be that of Figure 1b, this is because pollution special effects overshadow the growing of trees hence the ensuing external result of energy manufacture and use is negative. The resolution to the tribulations created by energy externalities is to make the external internal, so as the external costs and benefits are built-in in the business and further behavior involved in the manufacture and use of energy.The behaviors like public policy which make use of a tax to elevate energy prices and control energy making to socially sought-after levels would resolve energy externality tribulations. Energy is a significant issue of production. Policies that influence energy price and quantity in the end shape the whole economy. Discussion From the analysis, the tribulatio ns that energy externalities showed were actually made complex by factors like energy effluence, market failure concerns and incompatible government intercession.It is only theoretical to internalize the externalities of air pollution and breathing out that lead to global warming. Motionless powerfulness plants are bulky and not many (Hackett 280). They are run by proficient directors who most of the time presents undemanding local effluence patterns. On the other hand, mobile power plant sources of pollution are copious, run by persons and confuse local effluence outlines. Impurities build up in the environment have an effect on prospect generations, bring in intergenerational impartiality problems and problems (Tisdell 36).This is evidenced by excess carbon dioxide releases in the air causing global warming. Although carbon dioxide is linked to sharp increase in global warming and inert changes in climate, it does not contribute to market and external marginal costs and benefi ts. Conclusion The study shows that the effect of energy pollutants on the environment can be confined to restricted, regional or even international area. As these regions of influence of pollutants enlarge beyond local borders, the political intricacy of taking on and putting into practice control procedures are compounded.Concerning level of pollution, carbon dioxide effluence policy necessitates international support while sulfur oxide policies call for nationwide policy. Countries like United States employs use of a program to trade sulfur discharge while Japan taxes sulfur oxides, yet on that point little advancement in international effort to have power over carbon dioxide. Most of rising nations dread to involve themselves in carbon dioxide release reduction programs as they believe it will founder back their economic growth.The research indicates that the challenges facing energy externalities include the innate history of energy pollutant, uncertainty and dimension issu e, income allotment, intergenerational impartiality, economic progress among others (Tisdell 36). The economic justification requires the utilization of differential tariffs to direct economic externalities personified in paying for water and electricity services. A final observation is that externalities, a sort of market failure, once it exists, it deviates the costs in a market from the true marginal costs and marginal benefits allied to the goods and services dealt with in the sell.

Personal factors that can influence children’s development Essay

Family is a huge part of a frys ontogenesis. Older cognates could mean that the infant has a good role vex to look up to. If the tyke lives in an extended family could mean that the child has more strong relationships with different members of the family which could give them a strong hotshot of security. The child may live with one single parent, which could mean the child craves attention from other people be bear their parent is at work or away for other reasons.A child could get easily impoverished if their parent remarries which could add step-siblings to the family. Another reason that could affect a childs development is their housing. Lack of personal space can cause tension between siblings or not having access to a garden or public play area can lead to the insufficiency of physical skills and socializing skills. A child is likely to get suspicious over a new baby. Sibling rivalry is common it could progress a child feel left out. If they have to share a sleeping a ccommodation it could cause tension between them. Sharing a bedroom with a infantileer sibling may cause the older sibling not to get enough sleep.Read moreExplain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of outside factors essayExternal factors that influence a childs development. Socioeconomics- wealthiness and poverty of a childs family can have a huge effect on a childs development it can determine opportunities like education. Nutrition- A childs brilliance development relies of regular nourishment, eating healthy and keeping active reduces the gamble of illness. Family and Society- Families can steer a childs development in three ways nurturing, stimulation and behavioural modelling. Education- A childs first years are important for a childs developing brain. A child needs interaction with adults and other children. governmental Environment- Children who are brought into the world around contend and threat on war can develop psychosocial stres s. They could be affected by this for the rest of their lives.

Caring of Parents

Caring for Elderly P bents How to gondola c argon for hoary set ups is a major concern of umteen external religious service families. Our concerns mirror those of other Ameri send away families, but how to ensure good wellness billing, find the right victuals situation, and handle legal questions is often abstruse for distant Service families by being posted abroad. The distance involved makes it harder to evolve knowledge and armed service so contingency planning is es directial.Often alien Service families however lead short visits during R & R or on bag vanish and hate to f only the precious measure with their pargonnts talking or sowhat serious business or unpleasant possibilities. Or we whitethorn be caught up in hectic preparations for an oversea assignment and non deprivation to take the era to do contingency planning with names. While it is tight to discuss the issues of ripening, the family who has discussed the options and agreed on plans wil l be better fit to handle whatever happens. It will be worth the season taken, if at that place is an emergency.The ideal situation is when the parents take control of their own situations and make decisions in advance of an emergency. They should investigate the types of retirement options and decide which is most appropriate, make assured decisions almost demeanor-sustaining medical attending, and make sure that documents, instructions, and powers of attorney are procurable to those who must take responsibility in an emergency. The Ameri go off necktie of Retired Persons recommends that decrepit people use a document locator make (scroll to bottom of this p climb on) to make sure their papers are in order.This disceptation can then be given to the some unrivalled(s) who will be trusty for them should an emergency flow. Going by means of the list with your parents should ensure that their wishes are understood. communicating with Elderly Parents Talking with our an tique parents astir(predicate) their living situations and the possible necessity for change is non always easy. A successful conversation depends to an achievement upon the race we bemuse with the parent, as well, of course, as on the parents mental, emotional and somatogenic condition.While many people put off serious conversations to keep down conflict or awkwardness, both(prenominal) parent and boastful child whitethorn lose an opportunity for closeness, understanding, access to knowledge that may affect the decision, and optimum peace of mind. To the extent possible, talk with your elderly parents gently and h cardinalstly ab come out their wishes, their abilities and their options. Far to a greater extent often than non, these conversations are helpful and put the adult child in a better position to make decisions posterior when the parent may non be able to do so.The hobby are suggestions for conversations with your elderly parent * Share your own tumblelings, and reassure the parent that you will support them and can be depended upon to help them solve their problems. * suspensor the parent to retain whatever control is possiblein make his or her own decisions. Respect and try to honor their wishes wherever feasible. * foster the depressive disorder-downest change possibleat each spirit, so that the parent is more able to adjust to the change. Educate yourself on legal, financial and medical mattersthat resuscitate to your parent as background for your conversations, including current knowledge on the aging process. * Respect your own needs be honest with your parents about your time and energy limits. If this kind of conversation seems impossible or the situation and relationship with the elderly parent become overwhelming, skipper focusing may be very helpful. You may overly consider using the division of verbalizes resources to appeal this delicate issue somewhat in directly.Filling out FIVE WISHES for yourself and sa cramental manduction your decisions with your parents may encourage them to open up on the subject. You may as well wish to raise the subject of long-term shell out insurance as a practical matter. (For more information about FIVE WISHES and long-term commission Insurance, see below). When a Lifestyle Change May Be Necessary Physicians and gerontological social workers warn that there are a flake of danger signs that quest an elderly person needs superfluous help or a change in living arrangement. each marked change in in-personity or way should be heeded.However, no change in demeanorstyle should be made without discussions with the elderly person, other family ingredients, and doctors or other health professionals. Danger Signals * Sudden weighting losscould be an indication that the elderly person is simply not eating or not preparing foods. * Failure to take medication or over-dosingmay indicate confusion, forgetfulness, or a misunderstanding of the doctors instructi ons. * Burns or injury marksmay indicate physical problems involving general weakness, forgetfulness, or a possible misuse of alcohol. Deterioration of personal habitssuch as infrequent bathing and shampooing, not shaving, or not wearing dentures could be the result of either mental or physical problems. * Increased car accidentscan indicate slowed reflexes, low-down vision, physical weakness, or general softness to handle a vehicle. * General forgetfulnesssuch as not remunerative bills, missing appointments, or consistently forgetting list, tackress, phone number, and meal times could be a signal. * Extreme suspiciousnesscould indicate some thought disorder.Your parents thought process that their neighbors, friends, family, doctor, and lawyer are all conspiring against them would be an example. Intense ungrounded fears about dire consequences may be a danger signal. * A series of downcast firescould be caused by dozing off, forgetting to turn off the stove or appliances, or attendinglessness with matches. They may indicate blackouts or dizzy spells. * Bizarre behavior of any kindcould be a warning sign. This behavior could be dressing in heavy gloves and overcoat in 90 gradation weather or going outside without shoes when its snowing. Watch for untypical actions or speech. Disorientation of a consistent naturemay indicate a need for help. Examples involve not knowing who one is, where one is, who the family is, or talking to people who are not there. Elder financial aid Options If you see danger signals in your parents behavior, it is definitive to discuss the changes and do some research. ( foresee IQ breeding Quest below for information about the De theatrical rolement of States expel resource referral service. ) at that place are many housing options obtainable to the elderly. Choosing the best one will depend on the elderly persons preference, age, health, and financial condition. ripening in Place Under this option, the elderly person co ntinues to rest in his/her own apartment. Many elderly people follow in Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs), apartment buildings, condominiums, or cooperatives not designed as retirement communities but where at least(prenominal) 50 percent of the residents are 62 years old or senior(a). These buildings often have comforts such as grocery stores, pharmacies, limousine service, or shopping operate. late(a) technological advances often make aging in place easier fasten asteners, lightweight wheelchairs, devices to control appliances and dial call numbers. There is even a walk-in bathtub for people who have difficulty climbing into an universal bathtub. Many go are for sale to help the elderly person stay in his/her billet. instruction about them can be obtained from contacting IQ Information Quest (see below) oryour local stadium political science agency on Aging. * Home occupy servicesare for sale in many communities, providing appropriate, supervised personnel to help senior persons with either health mis grownup (giving medications, changing dressings, catheter deal, etc. or personal anguish (bathing, dressing, and grooming). * Meals and transportationare available to older people to help them retain some independence. aggroup or radix-delivered meal programs help ensure an adequate diet. Meals-On-Wheels programs are available in most split of the United States. A number of communities leave door-to-door transportation services to help older people get to and from medical facilities, community facilities, and other services. * Adult solar twenty-four hour period distributeis mistakable to child day care. The elderly person goes to a community deftness daily or 2 or 3 days per week. compriseivities acknowledge exercise programs, singing, guest lectures, and current events discussions. Cost varies and there are often long waiting lists at such centers. * Respite carebrings a trained person into the home to give the right-time caregiver time off to get a haircut, visit the dentist, or take a vacation. Service is generally offered through area Departments of Social Services and is establish on a sliding fee scale. different living accommodations Options There are several types of retirement communities that go out living arrangements and services to refer the needs of both independent seniors and those who need helper.Large hotel corporations are in this field and other facilities are set up for members of a sure organization (retired military, Elks, etc. ). It is important when investigating these housing options to understand wholly the services take into accountd and the cost. * Adult congregate communitiesare designed for the fully able-bodied, 55 and older. Residents buy co-ops or condominiums and pay a periodic fee for crazyweed mowing, leaf raking, and snow shoveling. A pay-as-you-go medical center is on claim of affairs and a nurse is on duty 24 hours a day to make home vis its in emergencies. Leisure World is the most historied example of an adult congregate ommunity. * Assisted living communitiesare renting retirement communities for independent seniors who need some assistance. A homelike atmosphere, trine meals a day, maid, linen, and laundry service, availability of a registered nurse, and many personal care services are profferd in the all-inclusive rent. * Rental retirement communitieswith fee-for-service treat units charge residents an entrance fee plus a substantial monthly rent. When the need for breast feeding care arises, residents pay an extra daily fee and stay in a nursing unit, ordinarily located on site or nearby. Life care or continuing care communitiesprovide a continuum of care from independent living to nursing home care on the premises. The individual must be independent when s/he enters the community. These communities require a substantial entrance fee and monthly service fee. Residents get one meal a day in a dining room, maid service, linen service, maintenance, transportation to shopping and ethnical events, spark off planning, and a pull cord to an emergency nurse. If nursing care is needed, it is provided at no extra cost. Personal care homes (board and care)are licence in many communities to provide shelter, supervision, meals, and personal care to a small number of residents. * Subsidized housing for the elderlyis an option for the elderly poor in reasonably good health. Subsidized by Department of Housing and Urban Development, income limits apply. No round-the-clock care is provided but nurses come in to cow dung blood pressure and assess a residents functioning. Residents take meals in a dining room and may have use of a library, recreation area, or beauty shop. Nursing FacilitiesIf the elderly person is not capable of independent living, a nursing home may be the appropriate option. Nursing homes offer two aims of care skilled nursing and intermediate care depending on the patients ne eds. Most nursing homes offer both levels of care on a single site. * Skilled nursing facilitiesprovide 24-hour nursing services for people who have serious health care needs but do not require the intense level of care provided in a hospital. Rehabilitation services may in addition be provided. * Intermediate care facilitiesprovide less extensive health care than skilled nursing facilities.Nursing and rehabilitation services are provided but not on a 24-hour basis. These facilities are for people who cannot live alone but need a minimum of medical assistance and help with personal and/or social care. haveing for Long-Term Care It is important to understand the different types of insurance that are available to older people. Many people believe that Medicare will cover long-term care needs. It will not. Medicare Medicare is a Federal health insurance program which helps defray many of the medical expenses of most Americans over the age of 65.Medicare has two parts (Part A) Hospit al Insurancehelps pay the cost of inpatient hospital care. The number of days in the hospital pay for by Medicare is governed by a system base upon patient diagnosis and medical necessity for hospital care. Once it is no longer medically prerequisite for the person to stick around in the hospital, the physician will begin the discharge process. If the person or the family disagrees with this decision, they may appeal to the states Peer Review Organization. Medicaredoes notpay for custodial care or nursing home care.It will, however, cover up to 60 days in a nursing home as part of convalescence after hospitalization. (Part B) health check Insurancepays for many medically necessary doctors services, outpatient services, and some other medical services. Enrollees pay a monthly premium. Medicaid Medicaid is a joint federal-state health care program for people with a low income. The program is administered by each state and the type of services cover differs. There are strict inco me requirements so it is necessary for the person to spend down all income and assets to poverty levels before becoming legal.Medicaid is the major remunerator of nursing home care. The Medicaid requirement to spend down all income and assets created a great hardship for the fellow of a person needing nursing home care. Changes in the Medicaid rules now allow the spouse to keep a monthly income and some assets, including the primary residence. The amounts allowed change, so you must check for current levels. Other Insurance Why buy other insurance? The purchase of special insurance gives the policy holder access to a greater quality of facilities without dipping into summing upal financial resources. Medigapis the name given to rivately-purchased supplemental health insurance. It is designed to help cover some of the gaps in Medicare insurance coverage but does not cover long-term care. Study Medigap policies carefully to be sure they provide the protection needed and do not d uplicate other health insurance. Long-Term Care Insuranceis a offstage insurance that is usually either an indemnity policy or part of an individual life insurance policy. An indemnity policy pays a set amount per day for nursing home or home health care. Under the life insurance policy, a certain percentage of the death benefit is paid for each month the policyholder requires long-term care.Policies are priced differently depending on the age of the policyholder, the deductible periods chosen, and indemnity value or duration of benefits. Information about other long-term insurance policies are available from The American Foreign Service connecter (AFSA) Retiree Liaison 2101 E Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 Tel202-338-4045, ext. 528 Fax 202-338-6820 E-mailemailprotected org http//www. afsa. org American Foreign Service Protective Association (AFSPA) 1716 N Street, NW Washington, DC 20036 Tel202-833-4910 Fax 202-883-4918 ttp//www. afspa. org As with Medigap health insurance, it is important to read the policy carefully and understand its restrictions before purchasing. Who Can religious service? IQ Information Quest (formerly LifeCare? ) IQ Information Quest is a free 24-hour/ 7 days per week counseling, education and referral service that can help Department of State employees find the programs, providers, information, and resources they need to manage personal and professional responsibilities. IQ Information Quest makes referrals, not recommendations. IQ Information Quest counselors will help etermine what services are needed and available in any U. S. locality and refer to appropriate providers. In addition to other services, they provide referrals in the area of adult care services (anywhere in the U. S. ), including case management, emergency and respite care, home health care, long-distance care giving and legal and financial issues. Their web site features information on caring for an aging loved one, discussing caregiving options with your loved o ne, adult care information worksheet, caregivers of older adults, managing work while caring for your loved one, and geriatric care management services.IQ Information Quest will excessively provide an Eldercare Kit upon request which features caregiving guidance, checklists, and resources information, as well as a few useful practical items such as a contraceptive pill sorter, night light and jar opener. Permanent employees of the Department of State, The U. S. Agency for external Development, the Department of Justice, the Department of Labor, and FMAs foreign are eligible to use IQ Information Quest. For the Department of State, this includes both Civil Service and Foreign Service employees serving at any Department assignment location nationwide and worldwide.Other employees working for the Department are not covered at this time (contractors, Foreign Service field of studys, PITs, PSCs). Spouses, children or others who are members of the employees immediate fellowship may use IQ Information Quest. They verify eligibility by providing the name and date of birth (month and day) of the eligible employee. Employees of agencies other than the Department of State should check with their headquarters for guidance in how to contact and use IQ Information Quest services. IQ Information QuestTel1-800-222-0364or1-888-222-0364for the hearing impair http//www. worklife4you. com For access to the passworded area of the site, contact your agencys HR sanction. The Employee character reference Service (ECS) The Employee Consultation Service (ECS) at the Department of State should be the first breaker point for Foreign Service members with eldercare concerns. The clinical social workers offer brief counseling and help in coordinating an evaluation and discernment anywhere in the United States.ECS social workers act as a liaison in providing appropriate and necessary services for the elderly. All services are free and confidential. In Washington, make an appointme nt for a personal consultation from overseas write or cable for advice. ECS alike conducts support groups for employees and their families who are obligated for an aging relative. The groups meet at the State Department to share issues, resources, and approaches to the problems that arise as an elderly person declines, including the issue of emotional stress that occurs for family members watch such decline.Employee Consultation Service (M/MED/ECS) Columbia Plaza, Room H246 Washington, DC 20520 Tel202-663-1815 telefax 202-663-1456 Emailemailprotected gov The Administration on Aging (AoA) The Administration on Aging (AoA) is part of the U. S. Department of Health and humanity Services. It was set up to attain barriers to the economic and personal independence of older persons and to assure the availability of a range of appropriate community and family based services for older persons in social or economic need. AoA supports a network of the state and cranial orbit Agencies on Agingthat reinforce and supplement the daily support that the elderly receive from family, friends, and neighbors. Administration on Aging Department of Health and Human Services 330 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20201 Tel202-619-0724 http//www. aoa. gov To get information on eldercare services in a particular community, contact the Area Agency on Aging. One can locate a specific state agency on aging through the Eldercare Locator Service via telephone (1-800-677-1116) or the website athttp//www. ldercare. gov. TheEldercare Locator Serviceis sponsored by the AoA and operated by the National Association of Area Agencies on Aging. National Association of Area Agencies on Aging 927 15th Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 Tele202-296-8130 http//www. n4a. org Services provided by Area Agencies on Aging include information and referral, homemaker/home health aides, transportation, congregate and home delivered meals, chore and other supportive services. Types of services available v ary in each community based upon needs and resources. hugger-mugger Geriatric Care ManagersPrivate geriatric care managers are professional social workers and nurses who assist the elderly and their families by assessing need, coordinating services, and monitoring care for a fee. They are particularly helpful when long-distance care giving is necessary. Fees vary and are sometimes covered by Medicare or private insurance. The Department of States Employee Consultation Service or IQ Information Quest, the local Area Agency on Aging, and community agencies can provide referrals nationwide. If the older person has been hospitalized, hospital discharge planners can also provide information and referrals for after-care.Services Offered by the Private Sector Some private companies have set up programs to help their employees with eldercare. Foreign Service spouses who work in the private sector should investigate any eldercare options offered by their employers. These programs can includ e seed money for eldercare services, flexible work schedules for caregivers, subsidies for eldercare expenses, unpaid leave for up to a year, referral services, inter-generational day care centers (for both the elderly and children), geriatric assessment and case management, and group rates for long-term care insurance.Unfortunately, many of the services provided by companies require that the elderly person meet the tax-law definition of a dependent. This increases the burden for families whose elderly relatives are not financially dependent or who are not living with the employee. Eldercare in the Foreign Service place Parents on Your Orders Foreign Service employees may request that their elderly relative(s) (including step parents and legally adopted parents) be approved as an eligible family member and added to their Post Assignment Travel Orders for an overseas assignment.The employee must complete an OF-126 Foreign Service Residence and Dependency Report. This form can be ma ke on the Department of State Infoforms with instructions on completion. Each unseasoned OF-126 replaces the old OF-126, therefore all blocks must be filled out each time a new OF-126 is done. The new OF-126 must be forwarded to the employees personnel technician in HR/CDA/ASD, Room 2419, Truman Building (Main State). Travel orders can not be authorized for newly-acquired eligible family members until the personnel technician receives the OF-126 form.Along with a completed OF-126 form, the officer must prove that the relative is at least 51 percent dependent for support (subject to review and approval per 6 FAM 117 USAID employees should also see Supplement 1B to HB 32, Chapter 1). The officer must value that he/she has provided more than 51% of support by submitting an affidavit or notarized statement testifying to that fact. This is termed passing the financial support test. An explanation regarding the parents residency is also required, with an explanation as to why the appli cation is being made to add the parent to the travel orders.Other documentary evidence may be required by the employees agency. These documents are attached to the completed OF-126 form and sent to the officers agency as specified on the forms. Requests are reviewed for approval by a Personnel OF-126 Committee. Employees of the Department of State can obtain advice on how to put your parents on your orders through the Career Development and Assignments (CDA) division of the Bureau of Human Resources. Ask for an Assignments Support (CDA/AS) officer. Employees of other agencies should contact their HR representative.See section below, Taking an Elderly Relative to Post, for details regarding official government support. Bringing Parents to Post Who Are Not on Your Orders If your relatives are not financially dependent on you, they may come to post as members of the employees household, but will receive no official support from the U. S. Government. No official support translates into no access to the U. S. embassy health unit, no airfare or allowance payments in the case of evacuation from post, and no diplomatic stipulation with the host country.Parents who come to live overseas for an blanket(a) period of time should consider having additional medical insurance (Medicare does not cover be related to care overseas). In addition, parents should also maintain Air checkup Evacuation Insurance. A list of companies that provide this insurance can be found on theDepartment of State Consular Affairsweb site. Family medical exam Leave Act and Family-Friendly Leave If you think you may need to care for an elderly relative, be sure to check the provisions of the 1993 Family Leave Act on taking leave for this purpose and contact the a leave specialist in your agency.Department of State employees can contact a Department leave specialist in the Office of Employee Relations (HR/ER/WLP) about paid and unpaid leave at202-261-8180. Eldercare Emergency hardship Travel (E ldercare EVT) In January 2001, the Eldercare Emergency Visitation Travel (Eldercare EVT) provision was implemented, permitting travel at government expense for employees and eligible spouses serving at an overseas post who need to assist parents in declining health. Eldercare EVT allows an employee two trips over a career to visit his or her parents.It is meant to support one mother and one father of the employee and of the eligible spouse. It does not mean a couple may pool their four eldercare visits to assist the parent(s) of only one member of the unite couple. For more information, email the Family Liaison Office (emailprotected gov) for a copy of Questions and Answers on Eldercare Emergency Visitation Travel. Taking an Elderly Relative to Post If elderly relatives are classified as eligible family members, they travel on diplomatic passports and have the same diplomatic immunity as a spouse or child.If not classified as such, elderly parents use holidaymaker passports and d o not have diplomatic status. Housing assignments are based on the number of official eligible family members the employee brings to post. Travel to and from post (with the censure of medical travel) is also available to all elderly parents designated as eligible family members. Elderly parents, regardless of their status, arenot coveredby the Foreign Service medical insurance program. While the use of posts health facilities is not promised as a benefit, these limited facilities are sometimes available depending on the location and an authorization by the Ambassador.The medical officer has the authority to wane to provide services should a patient have a complicated problem that the physician is unable to treat. Employees may, however, ask the Health Unit for name calling of local physicians who can provide medical services for their elderly parent. This kind of assistance from the Health Unit may also be call for during the bidding process, to determine if a post has adequate l ocal heathland care providers to meet the medical needs of a parent. The Department of State Office of Medical Services has a brochure entitledMedical Questions and Answers about Taking Your Parent Overseas.The brochure addresses the questions of obtaining prescription medicines overseas, high natural elevation climates and the elderly, health unit access, hospitalization overseas, and more. For a copy of the brochure or more information about medical questions related to taking your parent overseas, contact the Office of Medical Services, Foreign Programs (MED/FP). Because elderly parents are not covered under the Foreign Service medical insurance program, they also do not have access to embassy medical evacuation (medevac) services.Therefore, all parents coming to post for either a short or an extended period of time should purchase (and maintain) Air Medical Evacuation Insurance. A list of companies that provide this insurance can be found on theDepartment of State Consular Affa irs website. Medical Insurance It is indispensable that a parent going overseas, either officially or unofficially, have adequate medical insurance. Medicare only pays medical expenses in the United States, and in Canada and Mexico under certain very limited circumstances.The insurance companies listed below provide a variety of coverage and can be contacted for more information. Pay special attention to age limit noted in the policy. Clements and caller-out Under its GlobalCare Plus program, Clements and Company provides overseas major medical insurance, including full world-wide evacuation services. Coverage is offered for individuals as well as families. Substantial coverage is available at a reasonable cost. GlobalCare Plus is for policies lasting 6 months to one year. Clements also write policies for shorter-term travel (15 days to 4 months) through Patriot Travel Medical Insurance.

The modernization of these economies involved allowing

The term Asian Tigers refer to the Asian countries of in the south Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. These nations have experienced massive economical growth figures due to their policies on key economic areas. These policies involve allowing for acquit trade trade to allowing for investments by immaterial firms.However, the respective Governments have over time interfered with the trade among these nations and another(prenominal) trading partners so as to protect the interests of their nations (Seyoum 2000, p.61). This allows for a plausive balance of trade leading to an increase in the budget amounts that lead be used to provide basic necessities to the people.The modernization of these economies involved allowing for free trade to take place, imposing low import barriers and scouting for international direct investment so as to increase on their theme output and acquire the necessary infrastructure for the production of quality products for consequence .From an ec onomic perspective, supply creates its own demand thus letting the market forces to determine output and prices. South Korea re harshs the importation of products by imposing strict barriers like the issuing of permits to importers which hindered the basic economic principle from determining the nations trade.This was seen as a move to protect the local market from foreigners who would exploit the market. To supercharge the export sector, the government provided goodies to the exporting firms that included establishing export processing zones and reduction taxes paid by this firms ( Amsden 1999, p.49)Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan did not fully restrict imports and foreign investors as the governments saw it as a way of partnering strategically with other nations for economic development. Singapore allowed for imports from few countries like India that provided raw materials that were not operational for example cotton. It also allowed for free trade with the United States under a free trade agreement that was implemented in 2003 that involved the exporting of textiles (Sharma 2003, p. 123).For foreign investment, Singapore restricted investments for foreigners for the sake of protecting its local skillful labor. By allowing investments from abroad, the government viewed it as a way of increasing unemployment levels in the nation since most foreigners will come along with their skilled labourers and enroll just but a few semi-skilled employees locally.Therefore, Singapore considered having strategic partners for its economic growth.

Our Town vs. Steel Magnolias Essay

To the casual observer, Our town, the theatrical piece by Thornton Wilder, is very contrastive from the cinematic production entitled Steel Magnolias (based on Robert Harlings pilot program stage play). Due to their differences in setting, characters, and surliness, it can be difficult to sympathise the obvious parallels. A more in-depth look at both pieces reveals musical compositiony a(prenominal) similarities in different atomic number 18as, such as perfunctory life, hunch forward, marriage, and death.Despite the detail that Our Town takes place between 1901 and 1913 and Steel Magnolias is set in the posthumous 1980s, an average day in Grovers Corners is much like wizard in Chinquapin. Both of these fictional cities demonstrate small-town life. On an ordinary day, in both cities, the newsboys make their morning rounds delivering the daily newspapers to the townspeople. In Chinquapin, the delivery man distributes parcels to their recipients, while the milkman in Grove rs Corners delivers his goods. A skirmish between George and Rebecca Gibbs corresponds to that of Shelbys brothers, Jonathon and Tommy.This pair of presentational life dramas is alike in relation to crawl in and marriage as well as daily life. Both stories, as a result of love, have wedding comp matchlessnts. In both weddings, the grooms belief flighty about their futures. They are overcome by potential feelings of grieve and abundant happiness. Both of the men want to see their brides on the day of the wedding, and are told that it is bad luck to do so. The parents also demonstrate frore feet by showing that they, too are nervous not hardly for their children, but also for themselves and the plane section of their lives that their children occupy.The final way in which these pieces are alike is the most important and profound way. It pertains to life and death, and is expressed in both instances. Both Shelby and Emily die in childbirth, and are succeeded by their husbands, p arents, and one child. Though both Our Town and Steel Magnolias are alike in the aforementioned ways, this is also where they differ greatly. It is here that the aura or mood differs. In Our Town, thetone is sorrowful and shows despair that Emily didnt stop to recognize things she should have. Steel Magnolias did not have what I would describe as a happy ending, but it does give a positive outlook with a life goes on put across.In spite of the differences that are obvious between these performance pieces, they are undoubtedly alike in many ways. With the elements of daily life being as they are, the morning commotion and behavior of siblings, each(prenominal) resembling its counterpart, it is safe to say that both authors thought of the same thing when they thought of small town life. The substance of the stories that relate to love and marriage are also like each other, which is no surprise, because it is expected that the bride, groom, and parents are nervous when being part o f such a large decision.Also the part death played had a lot to do with the lesson or message that was to be conveyed by these stories. Both of the wives dieing young and leaving behind more or less all of their families, especially their children, which are an important factor in the planted message from the authors, shows the value of life and abstruse value of people and nature. For Our Town this message can be simply stated as youve got to love life to have life, and youve got to have life to love life. Steel Magnolias lesson can be expressed by saying that life should be enjoyed while it can, and when it cant, life goes on.

Cultural Patterns between the Sugar Industry and slavery in the Caribbean Essay

The origin of the Caribbean The Guanajatabey community were among the earliest inhabitants in the Caribbean is toss off, who migrated from the forests of the S step forwardh American mainland in 5300BC. They were a cosmos of about 100,000 hunters, gathers and farmers. Recent research speculates that they may receive migrated from the south of US substantiated by the resemblance of artifacts collected in both regions. Additional test suggests that the Guanajatabeyes were driven to the island by the arrival migrants, Taino and Cioney from the Orinoco delta in Venezuela. Colonization of the CaribbeanIn the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the expansion of Europeans took two directions. Towards the west coast of Africa where raiding and duty of products the like slaves, pepper ivory and gold was involved, and towards the Atlantic island which the Europeans collected products like honey and timber (Jennifer 1994). Eventually though, the colonists returned to settle and cultivate w heat and ice lolly since there was no arable land in Iberia. Sugar turn up to be a genuinely profitable commodity to produce nevertheless it needed huge tracts of land plus great motor personnel for ware.As a result lollipop and slave trade became entwined in the European exploitation in the Atlantic Islands and eventually string out to the Americas. more or less think of the Caribbean Islands as a place for a get then(prenominal) vacation. The historical background tends to differ though. The island has come along way later onward colonization and bondage for legion(predicate) years. The settlement of the European in the Caribbean began with Christopher capital of Ohio in 1492. Procession of an intricate feudal commission made him a long-term governor of all land discovered and as well realize him a fraction of all trade conducted.Caribbeans encounter with the European transformed the culture in the Atlantic Island affecting the lives of millions of nation. It d ecimated its autochthonic world and introduced plantation agriculture. Sugar was one of the commodities that came with Christopher Columbus. It was a lucrative commodity that incited the Europeans to incur plantations in the Caribbean. Sugars long floor in the Caribbean lands includes the monstrous era of bondage and just as dreadful era of bind labor.Being the primary economic structure in the Caribbean, it resulted in immaterial wealth g hagglingth and underdevelopment of internal markets and social classes. The colonists exploited the interior regions of the island to growth profits in the industry. They also enslaved Africans and indentured Asian laborers. They imported slaves from Africa to pass in the wampum plantations. thrall in the Caribbean Since slave trade was illegal, the Europeans use the Middle Passage. It was a very unpleasant and dehumanizing voyage. A good flake of slaves did non authorise it to the other end.Dreadful conditions below deck, poor gl ory conditions in the cargo, excruciating heat plus inadequate supply of food for thought and water were among the problems faced by the slaves. Only the strong ones survived the diseases like typhoid, measles, icteric fever and small pox in addition to vomiting and profligacy from the poor food. Apart from that, the conditions on the other end were just as appalling. In the mid 19th century, slave labor was greatly strong in sugar plantations (Marquez 1999). Plantation owners were dependant on slave labor since free labor was restrain. With time, the want of sugar rose and with limited labor, exertion was low.The Europeans were in dire need of laborers. The indentured servants could not meet the higher(prenominal) demand for labor. The plantations required a large amount of labor to be at par with the increasing demand. This resulted to further importation of slaves from Africa to work in these plantations. On the other delve there was a cost increase in the importation o f labor at the time. With rising costs and limited time to indenture, African slaves were the alternative. With the introduction of African slaves to the plantation sugar production rose by 300% (Payne Jennifer, 1994).Slave trade became the order of the day. With time the population of slaves rose by more than 200%. The interests of the slaves were also ignore despite the immense turnover from the sugar industry since most of it went to Europe. England would not only benefit from the lucrative commodity scarcely augmented demand would thrust slave trade. Planting, harvesting and bear upon of sugar is tiring, hot and dangerous. It also requires a gigantic amount of labor. The Africans were enslaved to work in these plantations despite the approximate weather (Conrad et al 1995).A vigorous adult was expected to work on the land, plant and reap five acres of sugar. Slaves both adults and children would move row by row across the fields, planting thousands of seeds-cane stems manua lly. They would work from 6 to 6 with a break of two hours at noon. During harvest, the slaves would work longer hours locomote against the weather to steer clear of attacks by insects on the harvest. Processing the sugar was also done manually under harsh supervision. Harvesting and bear upon cane was just as backbreaking as planting. Processing the sugar was done immediately by male slaves.The condition in the processing rooms was so severe that the slaves had to rotate out every quaternary hours, their limbs engorged from the heat and humidity. The slaves worked day and nights in the mills and sugarhouses with shifts lasting up to 18 hours during harvest to avoid bottlenecks in production (Simon and Schuster, 2003). Despite some planters giving extra food and drink to encourage competition in production, the result was due to coercion. The slaves were controlled by threat and use of deadly force. In the 1770s, there was the introduction of anti-slavery movements in Europe.In 1 787, The Society for the Abolition of Slavery was established which aimed at raising public awareness of the atrocious treatment of slaves. The fight however went on till 1807 when a law prohibition slave trade was passed. Many other countries endorsed similar laws soon after the law was passed. In 1831, a colossal anti-slavery rebellion destroyed some(prenominal) sugar estates in Jamaica, inspiring the government to Parliament to approve the liberty Act of 1834. The slaves who were quieten tied to plantation life were freed unconditionally.Most of the freed slaves acquired parcels of land on some of Caribbean islands for subsistent farming. For those who did not get went back to plantation work. Consequences of slavery in the Caribbean After the establishment of pertly colonization, there was the introduction of new cultures and languages. The world only focuses on Columbus as the great sendry the new land and tends to forget the destruction and damages caused on the lives of the native people who were the first people on the Island. These people were almost wiped out by the brutal incursion of the Europeans along with their cultures and languages.There was division among the people which resulted from the introduction of distinguishable cultures, languages and values. The slaves that were also imported from Africa also brought along their different cultures and languages since they came from different region in Africa. Even long after slavery had been abandoned the economic and political structure that was used to control the Island still lingered. Former slaves were forced to work in the plantations but at minimum wage. Power and social inequality There was introduction of many races and cultures in the slavery era. Classes were defined according to race, financial status and culture.Despite the many cultural differences which continually impede the territories from merging, the Caribbean societies are trying to come together socially politically an d economically in order to work as one nation. Facets of culture such as race, language, governmental systems, religion, history, values and morality among others differ in each territory and cause a roadblock between them. The different cultures that resulted from slavery Several religious groups were started and developed from past experiences. Judaism and Rastafarianism are among the major ones that were formed from previous ones (Michelle 1986).There is a respectable bond between the two religions. They were bound by the subjugation and persecution they went through and through in the past. Rastafarianism Rastafari history started with the colonization of Africa. The European colonists enslaved many Africans, divided them and sent them to exile as captives worldwide. The areas in which they were taken were named Babylon. The movement was initiated in 1930 in Jamaica after a prophecy made by a swart political leader, Marcus Following the prophecy was the crowning of Emperor Ha ile Selassie 1 in Ethiopia He is known to them as the Black Messiah, Jah Rastafari (Edwards 1999).The rituals and practices of the Rastafarians were adapted during the late mid-thirties and 1940s. Some of the practices are reasoning and binghi. Reasoning is done by the members aggregation to pray and smoke ganja or marijuana considered a consecrated herb. They would pass it around in a water pipe which they have likened to the Communion cup of the Christians in its symbolic meaning. Bighi on the other hand is anal night celebration consisting of dancing accompanied by idiosyncratic rhythms of Rasta drums. This is done to mark different occasions for instance Marcus Garveys birthday, investiture of Haile Selassie I and the liberation from slavery.Their deadlock hairstyle signifies the Blackmans pride for his skin discolor and hair texture. Rastafarianism remains to be a resistance culture in many parts in the world. Despite experiencing an unstable social history in Jamaica, the movement retains a momentous moral influence that has spread its wings way beyond Jamaica. Conclusion Nowadays, sugar is regarded the most reciprocal commodity. It is available everywhere and at very cheap prices. Conversely, there was a time when it was a very precious product desired by many. It was a luxury to many noblemen while the colonists considered it a way to make money.Sugar was very profitable back then and also very expensive. This lucrative commodity incited the Europeans to commence sugar plantations in their colonies especially in the Caribbean (Howard 1998) The demand for African slaves arose from the introduction and development of plantation agriculture, rise in the price of sugar, and need for miners. Africans were not only viewed as skilled laborers, but were also agricultural experts. Consequently, considering their high immunity for malaria, they were suited for mining and agriculture. that there were serious consequences as a result of slave trade. totally the same, there were positive results from colonization like urbanization and civilization of the colonies. workings Cited Conrad, D. , Glenn R, Lucas, C. , and Ray. A Brief History of the lanthanum Sugar assiduity, 1795-1995. Center for Louisiana Studies, 1995. Jennifer M. Payne, Caribbean History, 1994 Marquez Slavosevelie, Slavery to Free Labor 1999 Michelle H. The Caribbean, and the World Sugar Industry. New York University 1986 Sidney W. 1986. Sweetness and Power The Place of Sugar in advanced(a) History. New York, Penguin Books. Hagelberg, 1985

Their Eyes Were Watching God Literary Analysis Essay

Their eyeball Were Watching God Literary compendium Essay In 1936 when Zorn Neal Hurst first started to compose her award winning romance Their Eyes Were Watching God she deliberately fashioned the afore verbalize work on so that Its textual structure created anticipation amongst Its contri unlessors. She did this by including great disappointment for the main character Jeanie to all overcome. Jeanie became entangled in the oppressive powers of early twentieth century conjugation. That of which constrained her for the greater part of the novel.Going from man to man but intuiting the tyrannical cycle of being property. Throughout the course of the novel the contributor wants Jeanie to find herself and break free. This creates anticipation within the ref. The contributor was present during the beatings and the torment Jeanie experienced. The only reason why the reader is in fact cool it reading is because of the anticipation he or she has building up inwardly of them. Th ey only want the best for Jeanie and they want to be with her when she experiences it. altogether of the hardships and perils Jeanie experiences must(prenominal) lead up to something.It is through with(predicate) all the adversity hat Jeanie perseveres through that creates anticipation within the reader. Their Eyes Were Watching God was precisely articulated so that it naturally created a bit of hope Inside the reader. The reader wanted Jeanie to lastly find fuck as well as find herself. This feeling amongst the reader first emerges when Jeanie is forced to marry Logan Clicks. Jeanie and Logan got wed in Nannys parlor. (Hurst 21)Jeanie just wants to have someone in her life, something to ward of the occur loneliness she experiences. But even the reader knows that Logan Clicks is not the answer.This in itself creates anticipation. The reader at this point knows something go away happen and may speculate what could occur. essentially all that evolves out of this birth Is Hea rtbreak for Jeanie. Her kind with Logan soon dissolves scorn the financial security he brought to the relationship. Genies first dream was dead, so she became a woman. (Hurst 25) The reader knows that Genies has partially given up on her dream of marriage but still wants her to find have intercourse. Fundamentally the whole relationship Itself with Logan Kills in turn creates anticipation amongst the reader.All of which plays a role In the readers hope that Jeanie will find love and all will be well In the kingdom. In a second sequence of events Jeanie finds herself In a relationship with the ever so powerful mayor, Jody. This marriage is the constituteation for more sorrow but also more hope for the reader. It all began when Jody slapped Jeanie until she had a hoop in her ears. (Hurst 72) That is the turning point in their relationship. Jody had been an overbearing figure in the relationship by limiting Genies social contact with the outside world, but never had he been opp ressive In a pugnacious manner.The reader feels for Jeanie at this point. He or she more anticipation is created amongst the reader. The reader knows that something will happen further down the road. That the previous order of events foreshadows something greater. No perspective Jeanie has experienced in the past has remained constant. It seems adversity is inevitable for Jeanie. This forces the reader to think the many possible outcomes of Jeanie and Jody relationship as well as Genies involve for love itself. The aforesaid inevitable adversity that Jeanie experiences will once once again come into play as Jeanie engages in a new relationship with Teacake.Jeanie awoke next morning by feeling Tea Cake closely kissing her breath away. Holding her and caressing her as if he feared she cogency escape his grasp and fly away. (Hurst 107) The reader at this point is relaxed finally Jeanie has found a man that treats her equivalent a woman. That respects her and seems to love her w ith all his heart. With all the different men that Jeanie has been with the quality that Teacake has that sets him apart(predicate) from the other ones is compassion. The reader for the first time experiences one of the qualities of true love alongside of Jeanie. The novel might as well be over at his point all is well.But then again there is that unceasing feeling in the mind of the reader. Jeanie has never had everything go as planned. The reader anticipates something to go wrong. The past is ever present during Tea Cakes relationship with Jeanie when Jeanie found out her 200 dollars was gone. (Huston 118) Jeanie soon discovers that Teacake is also gone. This order of events creates large anticipation in the mind of the reader. He or she asks him or herself questions like Did Teacake really steal her money and leave or will Jeanie Just finally give up on her ream of finding love. All of this anticipation and speculation on the readers part was precisely planned by Zorn Neal Hu rst to keep the reader interested in her novel. In her 1937 masterpiece Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zorn Neal Hurst creates great anticipation amongst the reader through her use of textual structure. By precisely ordering events Hurst is able to effectively create said anticipation. By incorporating the ever apparent theme of Genies quest for love, into her order of events Hurst creates very much anticipation amongst the reader.